# scipy.signal.besselap¶

scipy.signal.besselap(N, norm='phase')[source]

Return (z,p,k) for analog prototype of an Nth-order Bessel filter.

Parameters: N : int The order of the filter. norm : {‘phase’, ‘delay’, ‘mag’}, optional Frequency normalization: phase The filter is normalized such that the phase response reaches its midpoint at an angular (e.g. rad/s) cutoff frequency of 1. This happens for both low-pass and high-pass filters, so this is the “phase-matched” case. [6] The magnitude response asymptotes are the same as a Butterworth filter of the same order with a cutoff of Wn. This is the default, and matches MATLAB’s implementation. delay The filter is normalized such that the group delay in the passband is 1 (e.g. 1 second). This is the “natural” type obtained by solving Bessel polynomials mag The filter is normalized such that the gain magnitude is -3 dB at angular frequency 1. This is called “frequency normalization” by Bond. [1] New in version 0.18.0. z : ndarray Zeros of the transfer function. Is always an empty array. p : ndarray Poles of the transfer function. k : scalar Gain of the transfer function. For phase-normalized, this is always 1.

bessel
Filter design function using this prototype

Notes

To find the pole locations, approximate starting points are generated [2] for the zeros of the ordinary Bessel polynomial [3], then the Aberth-Ehrlich method [4] [5] is used on the Kv(x) Bessel function to calculate more accurate zeros, and these locations are then inverted about the unit circle.

References

 [1] (1, 2) C.R. Bond, “Bessel Filter Constants”, http://www.crbond.com/papers/bsf.pdf
 [2] (1, 2) Campos and Calderon, “Approximate closed-form formulas for the zeros of the Bessel Polynomials”, arXiv:1105.0957.
 [3] (1, 2) Thomson, W.E., “Delay Networks having Maximally Flat Frequency Characteristics”, Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Part III, November 1949, Vol. 96, No. 44, pp. 487-490.
 [4] (1, 2) Aberth, “Iteration Methods for Finding all Zeros of a Polynomial Simultaneously”, Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 27, No. 122, April 1973
 [5] (1, 2) Ehrlich, “A modified Newton method for polynomials”, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 10, Issue 2, pp. 107-108, Feb. 1967, DOI:10.1145/363067.363115
 [6] (1, 2) Miller and Bohn, “A Bessel Filter Crossover, and Its Relation to Others”, RaneNote 147, 1998, http://www.rane.com/note147.html

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