scipy.special.chebyu

scipy.special.chebyu(n, monic=False)

Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind.

Defined to be the solution of

\[(1 - x^2)\frac{d^2}{dx^2}U_n - 3x\frac{d}{dx}U_n + n(n + 2)U_n = 0;\]

\(U_n\) is a polynomial of degree \(n\).

Parameters

nint

Degree of the polynomial.

monicbool, optional

If True, scale the leading coefficient to be 1. Default is False.

Returns

Uorthopoly1d

Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind.

See also

chebyt

Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind.

Notes

The polynomials \(U_n\) are orthogonal over \([-1, 1]\) with weight function \((1 - x^2)^{1/2}\).

References

AS

Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun, eds. Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. New York: Dover, 1972.

Examples

Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind of order \(n\) can be obtained as the determinant of specific \(n \times n\) matrices. As an example we can check how the points obtained from the determinant of the following \(3 \times 3\) matrix lay exacty on \(U_3\):

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> from scipy.linalg import det
>>> from scipy.special import chebyu
>>> x = np.arange(-1.0, 1.0, 0.01)
>>> fig, ax = plt.subplots()
>>> ax.set_ylim(-2.0, 2.0)
>>> ax.set_title(r'Chebyshev polynomial $U_3$')
>>> ax.plot(x, chebyu(3)(x), label=rf'$U_3$')
>>> for p in np.arange(-1.0, 1.0, 0.1):
...     ax.plot(p,
...             det(np.array([[2*p, 1, 0], [1, 2*p, 1], [0, 1, 2*p]])),
...             'rx')
>>> plt.legend(loc='best')
>>> plt.show()

They satisfy the recurrence relation:

\[U_{2n-1}(x) = 2 T_n(x)U_{n-1}(x)\]

where the \(T_n\) are the Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind. Let’s verify it for \(n = 2\):

>>> from scipy.special import chebyt
>>> from scipy.special import chebyu
>>> x = np.arange(-1.0, 1.0, 0.01)
>>> np.allclose(chebyu(3)(x), 2 * chebyt(2)(x) * chebyu(1)(x))
True

We can plot the Chebyshev polynomials \(U_n\) for some values of \(n\):

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> from scipy.special import chebyu
>>> x = np.arange(-1.0, 1.0, 0.01)
>>> fig, ax = plt.subplots()
>>> ax.set_ylim(-1.5, 1.5)
>>> ax.set_title(r'Chebyshev polynomials $U_n$')
>>> for n in np.arange(1,5):
...     ax.plot(x, chebyu(n)(x), label=rf'$U_n={n}$')
>>> plt.legend(loc='best')
>>> plt.show()