scipy.linalg.norm

scipy.linalg.norm(a, ord=None, axis=None, keepdims=False, check_finite=True)

Matrix or vector norm.

This function is able to return one of eight different matrix norms, or one of an infinite number of vector norms (described below), depending on the value of the ord parameter. For tensors with rank different from 1 or 2, only ord=None is supported.

Parameters:

aarray_like

Input array. If axis is None, a must be 1-D or 2-D, unless ord is None. If both axis and ord are None, the 2-norm of a.ravel will be returned.

ord{int, inf, -inf, ‘fro’, ‘nuc’, None}, optional

Order of the norm (see table under Notes). inf means NumPy’s inf object.

axis{int, 2-tuple of ints, None}, optional

If axis is an integer, it specifies the axis of a along which to compute the vector norms. If axis is a 2-tuple, it specifies the axes that hold 2-D matrices, and the matrix norms of these matrices are computed. If axis is None then either a vector norm (when a is 1-D) or a matrix norm (when a is 2-D) is returned.

keepdimsbool, optional

If this is set to True, the axes which are normed over are left in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option the result will broadcast correctly against the original a.

check_finitebool, optional

Whether to check that the input matrix contains only finite numbers. Disabling may give a performance gain, but may result in problems (crashes, non-termination) if the inputs do contain infinities or NaNs.

Returns:

nfloat or ndarray

Norm of the matrix or vector(s).

Notes

For values of ord <= 0, the result is, strictly speaking, not a mathematical ‘norm’, but it may still be useful for various numerical purposes.

The following norms can be calculated:

ord	norm for matrices	norm for vectors
None	Frobenius norm	2-norm
‘fro’	Frobenius norm	–
‘nuc’	nuclear norm	–
inf	max(sum(abs(a), axis=1))	max(abs(a))
-inf	min(sum(abs(a), axis=1))	min(abs(a))
0	–	sum(a != 0)
1	max(sum(abs(a), axis=0))	as below
-1	min(sum(abs(a), axis=0))	as below
2	2-norm (largest sing. value)	as below
-2	smallest singular value	as below
other	–	sum(abs(a)**ord)**(1./ord)

The Frobenius norm is given by [1]:

\(||A||_F = [\sum_{i,j} abs(a_{i,j})^2]^{1/2}\)

The nuclear norm is the sum of the singular values.

Both the Frobenius and nuclear norm orders are only defined for matrices.

References

[1]

G. H. Golub and C. F. Van Loan, Matrix Computations, Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985, pg. 15

Examples

>>> import numpy as np
>>> from scipy.linalg import norm
>>> a = np.arange(9) - 4.0
>>> a
array([-4., -3., -2., -1.,  0.,  1.,  2.,  3.,  4.])
>>> b = a.reshape((3, 3))
>>> b
array([[-4., -3., -2.],
       [-1.,  0.,  1.],
       [ 2.,  3.,  4.]])

>>> norm(a)
7.745966692414834
>>> norm(b)
7.745966692414834
>>> norm(b, 'fro')
7.745966692414834
>>> norm(a, np.inf)
4
>>> norm(b, np.inf)
9
>>> norm(a, -np.inf)
0
>>> norm(b, -np.inf)
2

>>> norm(a, 1)
20
>>> norm(b, 1)
7
>>> norm(a, -1)
-4.6566128774142013e-010
>>> norm(b, -1)
6
>>> norm(a, 2)
7.745966692414834
>>> norm(b, 2)
7.3484692283495345

>>> norm(a, -2)
0
>>> norm(b, -2)
1.8570331885190563e-016
>>> norm(a, 3)
5.8480354764257312
>>> norm(a, -3)
0