numpy.random.RandomState.pareto

RandomState.pareto(a, size=None)

Draw samples from a Pareto II or Lomax distribution with specified shape.

The Lomax or Pareto II distribution is a shifted Pareto distribution. The classical Pareto distribution can be obtained from the Lomax distribution by adding the location parameter m, see below. The smallest value of the Lomax distribution is zero while for the classical Pareto distribution it is m, where the standard Pareto distribution has location m=1. Lomax can also be considered as a simplified version of the Generalized Pareto distribution (available in SciPy), with the scale set to one and the location set to zero.

The Pareto distribution must be greater than zero, and is unbounded above. It is also known as the “80-20 rule”. In this distribution, 80 percent of the weights are in the lowest 20 percent of the range, while the other 20 percent fill the remaining 80 percent of the range.

Parameters:

shape : float, > 0.

Shape of the distribution.

size : int or tuple of ints, optional

Output shape. If the given shape is, e.g., (m, n, k), then m * n * k samples are drawn. Default is None, in which case a single value is returned.

See also

scipy.stats.distributions.lomax.pdf

probability density function, distribution or cumulative density function, etc.

scipy.stats.distributions.genpareto.pdf

probability density function, distribution or cumulative density function, etc.

Notes

The probability density for the Pareto distribution is

where is the shape and the location

The Pareto distribution, named after the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, is a power law probability distribution useful in many real world problems. Outside the field of economics it is generally referred to as the Bradford distribution. Pareto developed the distribution to describe the distribution of wealth in an economy. It has also found use in insurance, web page access statistics, oil field sizes, and many other problems, including the download frequency for projects in Sourceforge [1]. It is one of the so-called “fat-tailed” distributions.

References

[R159]

Francis Hunt and Paul Johnson, On the Pareto Distribution of Sourceforge projects.

[R160]

Pareto, V. (1896). Course of Political Economy. Lausanne.

[R161]

Reiss, R.D., Thomas, M.(2001), Statistical Analysis of Extreme Values, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, pp 23-30.

[R162]

Wikipedia, “Pareto distribution”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_distribution

Examples

Draw samples from the distribution:

>>> a, m = 3., 1. # shape and mode
>>> s = np.random.pareto(a, 1000) + m

Display the histogram of the samples, along with the probability density function:

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> count, bins, ignored = plt.hist(s, 100, normed=True, align='center')
>>> fit = a*m**a/bins**(a+1)
>>> plt.plot(bins, max(count)*fit/max(fit),linewidth=2, color='r')
>>> plt.show()

(Source code)