scipy.stats.wald

scipy.stats.wald = <scipy.stats._continuous_distns.wald_gen object>

A Wald continuous random variable.

As an instance of the rv_continuous class, wald object inherits from it a collection of generic methods (see below for the full list), and completes them with details specific for this particular distribution.

Notes

The probability density function for wald is:

\[f(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi x^3}} \exp(- \frac{ (x-1)^2 }{ 2x })\]

for \(x >= 0\).

wald is a special case of invgauss with mu=1.

The probability density above is defined in the “standardized” form. To shift and/or scale the distribution use the loc and scale parameters. Specifically, wald.pdf(x, loc, scale) is identically equivalent to wald.pdf(y) / scale with y = (x - loc) / scale. Note that shifting the location of a distribution does not make it a “noncentral” distribution; noncentral generalizations of some distributions are available in separate classes.

Examples

>>> import numpy as np
>>> from scipy.stats import wald
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)

Calculate the first four moments:

>>> mean, var, skew, kurt = wald.stats(moments='mvsk')

Display the probability density function (pdf):

>>> x = np.linspace(wald.ppf(0.01),
...                 wald.ppf(0.99), 100)
>>> ax.plot(x, wald.pdf(x),
...        'r-', lw=5, alpha=0.6, label='wald pdf')

Alternatively, the distribution object can be called (as a function) to fix the shape, location and scale parameters. This returns a “frozen” RV object holding the given parameters fixed.

Freeze the distribution and display the frozen pdf:

>>> rv = wald()
>>> ax.plot(x, rv.pdf(x), 'k-', lw=2, label='frozen pdf')

Check accuracy of cdf and ppf:

>>> vals = wald.ppf([0.001, 0.5, 0.999])
>>> np.allclose([0.001, 0.5, 0.999], wald.cdf(vals))
True

Generate random numbers:

>>> r = wald.rvs(size=1000)

And compare the histogram:

>>> ax.hist(r, density=True, bins='auto', histtype='stepfilled', alpha=0.2)
>>> ax.set_xlim([x[0], x[-1]])
>>> ax.legend(loc='best', frameon=False)
>>> plt.show()

Methods

rvs(loc=0, scale=1, size=1, random_state=None)	Random variates.
pdf(x, loc=0, scale=1)	Probability density function.
logpdf(x, loc=0, scale=1)	Log of the probability density function.
cdf(x, loc=0, scale=1)	Cumulative distribution function.
logcdf(x, loc=0, scale=1)	Log of the cumulative distribution function.
sf(x, loc=0, scale=1)	Survival function (also defined as 1 - cdf, but sf is sometimes more accurate).
logsf(x, loc=0, scale=1)	Log of the survival function.
ppf(q, loc=0, scale=1)	Percent point function (inverse of cdf — percentiles).
isf(q, loc=0, scale=1)	Inverse survival function (inverse of sf).
moment(order, loc=0, scale=1)	Non-central moment of the specified order.
stats(loc=0, scale=1, moments=’mv’)	Mean(‘m’), variance(‘v’), skew(‘s’), and/or kurtosis(‘k’).
entropy(loc=0, scale=1)	(Differential) entropy of the RV.
fit(data)	Parameter estimates for generic data. See scipy.stats.rv_continuous.fit for detailed documentation of the keyword arguments.
expect(func, args=(), loc=0, scale=1, lb=None, ub=None, conditional=False, **kwds)	Expected value of a function (of one argument) with respect to the distribution.
median(loc=0, scale=1)	Median of the distribution.
mean(loc=0, scale=1)	Mean of the distribution.
var(loc=0, scale=1)	Variance of the distribution.
std(loc=0, scale=1)	Standard deviation of the distribution.
interval(confidence, loc=0, scale=1)	Confidence interval with equal areas around the median.