scipy.optimize.milp#

scipy.optimize.milp(c, *, integrality=None, bounds=None, constraints=None, options=None)[source]#

Mixed-integer linear programming

Solves problems of the following form:

\[\begin{split}\min_x \ & c^T x \\ \mbox{such that} \ & b_l \leq A x \leq b_u,\\ & l \leq x \leq u, \\ & x_i \in \mathbb{Z}, i \in X_i\end{split}\]

where \(x\) is a vector of decision variables; \(c\), \(b_l\), \(b_u\), \(l\), and \(u\) are vectors; \(A\) is a matrix, and \(X_i\) is the set of indices of decision variables that must be integral. (In this context, a variable that can assume only integer values is said to be “integral”; it has an “integrality” constraint.)

Alternatively, that’s:

minimize:

c @ x

such that:

b_l <= A @ x <= b_u
l <= x <= u
Specified elements of x must be integers

By default, l = 0 and u = np.inf unless specified with bounds.

Parameters:

c1D array_like

The coefficients of the linear objective function to be minimized. c is converted to a double precision array before the problem is solved.

integrality1D array_like, optional

Indicates the type of integrality constraint on each decision variable.

0 : Continuous variable; no integrality constraint.

1 : Integer variable; decision variable must be an integer within bounds.

2 : Semi-continuous variable; decision variable must be within bounds or take value 0.

3 : Semi-integer variable; decision variable must be an integer within bounds or take value 0.

By default, all variables are continuous. integrality is converted to an array of integers before the problem is solved.

boundsscipy.optimize.Bounds, optional

Bounds on the decision variables. Lower and upper bounds are converted to double precision arrays before the problem is solved. The keep_feasible parameter of the Bounds object is ignored. If not specified, all decision variables are constrained to be non-negative.

constraintssequence of scipy.optimize.LinearConstraint, optional

Linear constraints of the optimization problem. Arguments may be one of the following:

A single LinearConstraint object
A single tuple that can be converted to a LinearConstraint object as LinearConstraint(*constraints)
A sequence composed entirely of objects of type 1. and 2.

Before the problem is solved, all values are converted to double precision, and the matrices of constraint coefficients are converted to instances of scipy.sparse.csc_array. The keep_feasible parameter of LinearConstraint objects is ignored.

optionsdict, optional

A dictionary of solver options. The following keys are recognized.

dispbool (default: False): Set to True if indicators of optimization status are to be printed to the console during optimization.
node_limitint, optional: The maximum number of nodes (linear program relaxations) to solve before stopping. Default is no maximum number of nodes.
presolvebool (default: True): Presolve attempts to identify trivial infeasibilities, identify trivial unboundedness, and simplify the problem before sending it to the main solver.
time_limitfloat, optional: The maximum number of seconds allotted to solve the problem. Default is no time limit.
mip_rel_gapfloat, optional: Termination criterion for MIP solver: solver will terminate when the gap between the primal objective value and the dual objective bound, scaled by the primal objective value, is <= mip_rel_gap.

Returns:

resOptimizeResult

An instance of scipy.optimize.OptimizeResult. The object is guaranteed to have the following attributes.

statusint

An integer representing the exit status of the algorithm.

0 : Optimal solution found.

1 : Iteration or time limit reached.

2 : Problem is infeasible.

3 : Problem is unbounded.

4 : Other; see message for details.

successbool

True when an optimal solution is found and False otherwise.

messagestr

A string descriptor of the exit status of the algorithm.

The following attributes will also be present, but the values may be None, depending on the solution status.

xndarray: The values of the decision variables that minimize the objective function while satisfying the constraints.
funfloat: The optimal value of the objective function c @ x.
mip_node_countint: The number of subproblems or “nodes” solved by the MILP solver.
mip_dual_boundfloat: The MILP solver’s final estimate of the lower bound on the optimal solution.
mip_gapfloat: The difference between the primal objective value and the dual objective bound, scaled by the primal objective value.

Notes

milp is a wrapper of the HiGHS linear optimization software [1]. The algorithm is deterministic, and it typically finds the global optimum of moderately challenging mixed-integer linear programs (when it exists).

References

[1]

Huangfu, Q., Galabova, I., Feldmeier, M., and Hall, J. A. J. “HiGHS - high performance software for linear optimization.” https://highs.dev/

[2]

Huangfu, Q. and Hall, J. A. J. “Parallelizing the dual revised simplex method.” Mathematical Programming Computation, 10 (1), 119-142, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s12532-017-0130-5

Examples

Consider the problem at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_programming#Example, which is expressed as a maximization problem of two variables. Since milp requires that the problem be expressed as a minimization problem, the objective function coefficients on the decision variables are:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> c = -np.array([0, 1])

Note the negative sign: we maximize the original objective function by minimizing the negative of the objective function.

We collect the coefficients of the constraints into arrays like:

>>> A = np.array([[-1, 1], [3, 2], [2, 3]])
>>> b_u = np.array([1, 12, 12])
>>> b_l = np.full_like(b_u, -np.inf)

Because there is no lower limit on these constraints, we have defined a variable b_l full of values representing negative infinity. This may be unfamiliar to users of scipy.optimize.linprog, which only accepts “less than” (or “upper bound”) inequality constraints of the form A_ub @ x <= b_u. By accepting both b_l and b_u of constraints b_l <= A_ub @ x <= b_u, milp makes it easy to specify “greater than” inequality constraints, “less than” inequality constraints, and equality constraints concisely.

These arrays are collected into a single LinearConstraint object like:

>>> from scipy.optimize import LinearConstraint
>>> constraints = LinearConstraint(A, b_l, b_u)

The non-negativity bounds on the decision variables are enforced by default, so we do not need to provide an argument for bounds.

Finally, the problem states that both decision variables must be integers:

>>> integrality = np.ones_like(c)

We solve the problem like:

>>> from scipy.optimize import milp
>>> res = milp(c=c, constraints=constraints, integrality=integrality)
>>> res.x
[1.0, 2.0]

Note that had we solved the relaxed problem (without integrality constraints):

>>> res = milp(c=c, constraints=constraints)  # OR:
>>> # from scipy.optimize import linprog; res = linprog(c, A, b_u)
>>> res.x
[1.8, 2.8]

we would not have obtained the correct solution by rounding to the nearest integers.

Other examples are given in the tutorial.