scipy.cluster.hierarchy.ward

scipy.cluster.hierarchy.ward(y)[source]

Perform Ward’s linkage on a condensed distance matrix.

See linkage for more information on the return structure and algorithm.

The following are common calling conventions:

  1. Z = ward(y) Performs Ward’s linkage on the condensed distance matrix y.

  2. Z = ward(X) Performs Ward’s linkage on the observation matrix X using Euclidean distance as the distance metric.

Parameters
yndarray

A condensed distance matrix. A condensed distance matrix is a flat array containing the upper triangular of the distance matrix. This is the form that pdist returns. Alternatively, a collection of m observation vectors in n dimensions may be passed as an m by n array.

Returns
Zndarray

The hierarchical clustering encoded as a linkage matrix. See linkage for more information on the return structure and algorithm.

See also

linkage

for advanced creation of hierarchical clusterings.

scipy.spatial.distance.pdist

pairwise distance metrics

Examples

>>> from scipy.cluster.hierarchy import ward, fcluster
>>> from scipy.spatial.distance import pdist

First, we need a toy dataset to play with:

x x    x x
x        x

x        x
x x    x x

>>> X = [[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0],
...      [0, 4], [0, 3], [1, 4],
...      [4, 0], [3, 0], [4, 1],
...      [4, 4], [3, 4], [4, 3]]

Then, we get a condensed distance matrix from this dataset:

>>> y = pdist(X)

Finally, we can perform the clustering:

>>> Z = ward(y)
>>> Z
array([[ 0.        ,  1.        ,  1.        ,  2.        ],
       [ 3.        ,  4.        ,  1.        ,  2.        ],
       [ 6.        ,  7.        ,  1.        ,  2.        ],
       [ 9.        , 10.        ,  1.        ,  2.        ],
       [ 2.        , 12.        ,  1.29099445,  3.        ],
       [ 5.        , 13.        ,  1.29099445,  3.        ],
       [ 8.        , 14.        ,  1.29099445,  3.        ],
       [11.        , 15.        ,  1.29099445,  3.        ],
       [16.        , 17.        ,  5.77350269,  6.        ],
       [18.        , 19.        ,  5.77350269,  6.        ],
       [20.        , 21.        ,  8.16496581, 12.        ]])

The linkage matrix Z represents a dendrogram - see scipy.cluster.hierarchy.linkage for a detailed explanation of its contents.

We can use scipy.cluster.hierarchy.fcluster to see to which cluster each initial point would belong given a distance threshold:

>>> fcluster(Z, 0.9, criterion='distance')
array([ 1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12], dtype=int32)
>>> fcluster(Z, 1.1, criterion='distance')
array([1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8], dtype=int32)
>>> fcluster(Z, 3, criterion='distance')
array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4], dtype=int32)
>>> fcluster(Z, 9, criterion='distance')
array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], dtype=int32)

Also, scipy.cluster.hierarchy.dendrogram can be used to generate a plot of the dendrogram.

scipy.cluster.hierarchy.median scipy.cluster.hierarchy.cophenet