scipy.optimize.newton_krylov¶
-
scipy.optimize.
newton_krylov
(F, xin, iter=None, rdiff=None, method='lgmres', inner_maxiter=20, inner_M=None, outer_k=10, verbose=False, maxiter=None, f_tol=None, f_rtol=None, x_tol=None, x_rtol=None, tol_norm=None, line_search='armijo', callback=None, **kw)¶ Find a root of a function, using Krylov approximation for inverse Jacobian.
This method is suitable for solving large-scale problems.
- Parameters
- Ffunction(x) -> f
Function whose root to find; should take and return an array-like object.
- xinarray_like
Initial guess for the solution
- rdifffloat, optional
Relative step size to use in numerical differentiation.
- method{‘lgmres’, ‘gmres’, ‘bicgstab’, ‘cgs’, ‘minres’} or function
Krylov method to use to approximate the Jacobian. Can be a string, or a function implementing the same interface as the iterative solvers in
scipy.sparse.linalg
.The default is
scipy.sparse.linalg.lgmres
.- inner_maxiterint, optional
Parameter to pass to the “inner” Krylov solver: maximum number of iterations. Iteration will stop after maxiter steps even if the specified tolerance has not been achieved.
- inner_MLinearOperator or InverseJacobian
Preconditioner for the inner Krylov iteration. Note that you can use also inverse Jacobians as (adaptive) preconditioners. For example,
>>> from scipy.optimize.nonlin import BroydenFirst, KrylovJacobian >>> from scipy.optimize.nonlin import InverseJacobian >>> jac = BroydenFirst() >>> kjac = KrylovJacobian(inner_M=InverseJacobian(jac))
If the preconditioner has a method named ‘update’, it will be called as
update(x, f)
after each nonlinear step, withx
giving the current point, andf
the current function value.- outer_kint, optional
Size of the subspace kept across LGMRES nonlinear iterations. See
scipy.sparse.linalg.lgmres
for details.- inner_kwargskwargs
Keyword parameters for the “inner” Krylov solver (defined with method). Parameter names must start with the inner_ prefix which will be stripped before passing on the inner method. See, e.g.,
scipy.sparse.linalg.gmres
for details.- iterint, optional
Number of iterations to make. If omitted (default), make as many as required to meet tolerances.
- verbosebool, optional
Print status to stdout on every iteration.
- maxiterint, optional
Maximum number of iterations to make. If more are needed to meet convergence, NoConvergence is raised.
- f_tolfloat, optional
Absolute tolerance (in max-norm) for the residual. If omitted, default is 6e-6.
- f_rtolfloat, optional
Relative tolerance for the residual. If omitted, not used.
- x_tolfloat, optional
Absolute minimum step size, as determined from the Jacobian approximation. If the step size is smaller than this, optimization is terminated as successful. If omitted, not used.
- x_rtolfloat, optional
Relative minimum step size. If omitted, not used.
- tol_normfunction(vector) -> scalar, optional
Norm to use in convergence check. Default is the maximum norm.
- line_search{None, ‘armijo’ (default), ‘wolfe’}, optional
Which type of a line search to use to determine the step size in the direction given by the Jacobian approximation. Defaults to ‘armijo’.
- callbackfunction, optional
Optional callback function. It is called on every iteration as
callback(x, f)
where x is the current solution and f the corresponding residual.
- Returns
- solndarray
An array (of similar array type as x0) containing the final solution.
- Raises
- NoConvergence
When a solution was not found.
See also
root
Interface to root finding algorithms for multivariate functions. See
method=='krylov'
in particular.scipy.sparse.linalg.gmres
scipy.sparse.linalg.lgmres
Notes
This function implements a Newton-Krylov solver. The basic idea is to compute the inverse of the Jacobian with an iterative Krylov method. These methods require only evaluating the Jacobian-vector products, which are conveniently approximated by a finite difference:
\[J v \approx (f(x + \omega*v/|v|) - f(x)) / \omega\]Due to the use of iterative matrix inverses, these methods can deal with large nonlinear problems.
SciPy’s
scipy.sparse.linalg
module offers a selection of Krylov solvers to choose from. The default here is lgmres, which is a variant of restarted GMRES iteration that reuses some of the information obtained in the previous Newton steps to invert Jacobians in subsequent steps.For a review on Newton-Krylov methods, see for example [1], and for the LGMRES sparse inverse method, see [2].
References
- 1
D.A. Knoll and D.E. Keyes, J. Comp. Phys. 193, 357 (2004). DOI:10.1016/j.jcp.2003.08.010
- 2
A.H. Baker and E.R. Jessup and T. Manteuffel, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 26, 962 (2005). DOI:10.1137/S0895479803422014