SciPy

scipy.stats.crystalball

scipy.stats.crystalball = <scipy.stats._continuous_distns.crystalball_gen object>[source]

Crystalball distribution

As an instance of the rv_continuous class, crystalball object inherits from it a collection of generic methods (see below for the full list), and completes them with details specific for this particular distribution.

Notes

The probability density function for crystalball is:

\[\begin{split}f(x, \beta, m) = \begin{cases} N \exp(-x^2 / 2), &\text{for } x > -\beta\\ N A (B - x)^{-m} &\text{for } x \le -\beta \end{cases}\end{split}\]

where \(A = (m / |\beta|)^n \exp(-\beta^2 / 2)\), \(B = m/|\beta| - |\beta|\) and \(N\) is a normalisation constant.

crystalball takes \(\beta > 0\) and \(m > 1\) as shape parameters. \(\beta\) defines the point where the pdf changes from a power-law to a Gaussian distribution. \(m\) is the power of the power-law tail.

References

1

“Crystal Ball Function”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Ball_function

The probability density above is defined in the “standardized” form. To shift and/or scale the distribution use the loc and scale parameters. Specifically, crystalball.pdf(x, beta, m, loc, scale) is identically equivalent to crystalball.pdf(y, beta, m) / scale with y = (x - loc) / scale.

New in version 0.19.0.

Examples

>>> from scipy.stats import crystalball
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)

Calculate a few first moments:

>>> beta, m = 2, 3
>>> mean, var, skew, kurt = crystalball.stats(beta, m, moments='mvsk')

Display the probability density function (pdf):

>>> x = np.linspace(crystalball.ppf(0.01, beta, m),
...                 crystalball.ppf(0.99, beta, m), 100)
>>> ax.plot(x, crystalball.pdf(x, beta, m),
...        'r-', lw=5, alpha=0.6, label='crystalball pdf')

Alternatively, the distribution object can be called (as a function) to fix the shape, location and scale parameters. This returns a “frozen” RV object holding the given parameters fixed.

Freeze the distribution and display the frozen pdf:

>>> rv = crystalball(beta, m)
>>> ax.plot(x, rv.pdf(x), 'k-', lw=2, label='frozen pdf')

Check accuracy of cdf and ppf:

>>> vals = crystalball.ppf([0.001, 0.5, 0.999], beta, m)
>>> np.allclose([0.001, 0.5, 0.999], crystalball.cdf(vals, beta, m))
True

Generate random numbers:

>>> r = crystalball.rvs(beta, m, size=1000)

And compare the histogram:

>>> ax.hist(r, density=True, histtype='stepfilled', alpha=0.2)
>>> ax.legend(loc='best', frameon=False)
>>> plt.show()
../_images/scipy-stats-crystalball-1.png

Methods

rvs(beta, m, loc=0, scale=1, size=1, random_state=None)

Random variates.

pdf(x, beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Probability density function.

logpdf(x, beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Log of the probability density function.

cdf(x, beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Cumulative distribution function.

logcdf(x, beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Log of the cumulative distribution function.

sf(x, beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Survival function (also defined as 1 - cdf, but sf is sometimes more accurate).

logsf(x, beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Log of the survival function.

ppf(q, beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Percent point function (inverse of cdf — percentiles).

isf(q, beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Inverse survival function (inverse of sf).

moment(n, beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Non-central moment of order n

stats(beta, m, loc=0, scale=1, moments=’mv’)

Mean(‘m’), variance(‘v’), skew(‘s’), and/or kurtosis(‘k’).

entropy(beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

(Differential) entropy of the RV.

fit(data, beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Parameter estimates for generic data.

expect(func, args=(beta, m), loc=0, scale=1, lb=None, ub=None, conditional=False, **kwds)

Expected value of a function (of one argument) with respect to the distribution.

median(beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Median of the distribution.

mean(beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Mean of the distribution.

var(beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Variance of the distribution.

std(beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Standard deviation of the distribution.

interval(alpha, beta, m, loc=0, scale=1)

Endpoints of the range that contains alpha percent of the distribution

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