scipy.spatial.KDTree

class scipy.spatial.KDTree(data, leafsize=10)

kd-tree for quick nearest-neighbor lookup

This class provides an index into a set of k-dimensional points which can be used to rapidly look up the nearest neighbors of any point.

Parameters

data(N,K) array_like

The data points to be indexed. This array is not copied, and so modifying this data will result in bogus results.

leafsizeint, optional

The number of points at which the algorithm switches over to brute-force. Has to be positive.

Raises

RuntimeError

The maximum recursion limit can be exceeded for large data sets. If this happens, either increase the value for the leafsize parameter or increase the recursion limit by:

>>> import sys
>>> sys.setrecursionlimit(10000)

See also

cKDTree

Implementation of KDTree in Cython

Notes

The algorithm used is described in Maneewongvatana and Mount 1999. The general idea is that the kd-tree is a binary tree, each of whose nodes represents an axis-aligned hyperrectangle. Each node specifies an axis and splits the set of points based on whether their coordinate along that axis is greater than or less than a particular value.

During construction, the axis and splitting point are chosen by the “sliding midpoint” rule, which ensures that the cells do not all become long and thin.

The tree can be queried for the r closest neighbors of any given point (optionally returning only those within some maximum distance of the point). It can also be queried, with a substantial gain in efficiency, for the r approximate closest neighbors.

For large dimensions (20 is already large) do not expect this to run significantly faster than brute force. High-dimensional nearest-neighbor queries are a substantial open problem in computer science.

The tree also supports all-neighbors queries, both with arrays of points and with other kd-trees. These do use a reasonably efficient algorithm, but the kd-tree is not necessarily the best data structure for this sort of calculation.

Methods

count_neighbors(self, other, r[, p])	Count how many nearby pairs can be formed.
query(self, x[, k, eps, p, distance_upper_bound])	Query the kd-tree for nearest neighbors
query_ball_point(self, x, r[, p, eps])	Find all points within distance r of point(s) x.
query_ball_tree(self, other, r[, p, eps])	Find all pairs of points whose distance is at most r
query_pairs(self, r[, p, eps])	Find all pairs of points within a distance.
sparse_distance_matrix(self, other, max_distance)	Compute a sparse distance matrix

innernode
leafnode
node