scipy.sparse.linalg.lgmres

scipy.sparse.linalg.lgmres(A, b, x0=None, tol=1e-05, maxiter=1000, M=None, callback=None, inner_m=30, outer_k=3, outer_v=None, store_outer_Av=True, prepend_outer_v=False, atol=None)

Solve a matrix equation using the LGMRES algorithm.

The LGMRES algorithm [1] [2] is designed to avoid some problems in the convergence in restarted GMRES, and often converges in fewer iterations.

Parameters:

A{sparse matrix, ndarray, LinearOperator}

The real or complex N-by-N matrix of the linear system. Alternatively, A can be a linear operator which can produce Ax using, e.g., scipy.sparse.linalg.LinearOperator.

bndarray

Right hand side of the linear system. Has shape (N,) or (N,1).

x0ndarray

Starting guess for the solution.

tol, atolfloat, optional

Tolerances for convergence, norm(residual) <= max(tol*norm(b), atol). The default for atol is tol.

Warning

The default value for atol will be changed in a future release. For future compatibility, specify atol explicitly.

maxiterint, optional

Maximum number of iterations. Iteration will stop after maxiter steps even if the specified tolerance has not been achieved.

M{sparse matrix, ndarray, LinearOperator}, optional

Preconditioner for A. The preconditioner should approximate the inverse of A. Effective preconditioning dramatically improves the rate of convergence, which implies that fewer iterations are needed to reach a given error tolerance.

callbackfunction, optional

User-supplied function to call after each iteration. It is called as callback(xk), where xk is the current solution vector.

inner_mint, optional

Number of inner GMRES iterations per each outer iteration.

outer_kint, optional

Number of vectors to carry between inner GMRES iterations. According to [1], good values are in the range of 1…3. However, note that if you want to use the additional vectors to accelerate solving multiple similar problems, larger values may be beneficial.

outer_vlist of tuples, optional

List containing tuples (v, Av) of vectors and corresponding matrix-vector products, used to augment the Krylov subspace, and carried between inner GMRES iterations. The element Av can be None if the matrix-vector product should be re-evaluated. This parameter is modified in-place by lgmres, and can be used to pass “guess” vectors in and out of the algorithm when solving similar problems.

store_outer_Avbool, optional

Whether LGMRES should store also A@v in addition to vectors v in the outer_v list. Default is True.

prepend_outer_vbool, optional

Whether to put outer_v augmentation vectors before Krylov iterates. In standard LGMRES, prepend_outer_v=False.

Returns:

xndarray

The converged solution.

infoint

Provides convergence information:

• 0 : successful exit

• >0 : convergence to tolerance not achieved, number of iterations

• <0 : illegal input or breakdown

Notes

The LGMRES algorithm [1] [2] is designed to avoid the slowing of convergence in restarted GMRES, due to alternating residual vectors. Typically, it often outperforms GMRES(m) of comparable memory requirements by some measure, or at least is not much worse.

Another advantage in this algorithm is that you can supply it with ‘guess’ vectors in the outer_v argument that augment the Krylov subspace. If the solution lies close to the span of these vectors, the algorithm converges faster. This can be useful if several very similar matrices need to be inverted one after another, such as in Newton-Krylov iteration where the Jacobian matrix often changes little in the nonlinear steps.

References

[1] (1,2,3)

A.H. Baker and E.R. Jessup and T. Manteuffel, “A Technique for Accelerating the Convergence of Restarted GMRES”, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 26, 962 (2005).

[2] (1,2)

A.H. Baker, “On Improving the Performance of the Linear Solver restarted GMRES”, PhD thesis, University of Colorado (2003).

Examples

>>> import numpy as np
>>> from scipy.sparse import csc_matrix
>>> from scipy.sparse.linalg import lgmres
>>> A = csc_matrix([[3, 2, 0], [1, -1, 0], [0, 5, 1]], dtype=float)
>>> b = np.array([2, 4, -1], dtype=float)
>>> x, exitCode = lgmres(A, b)
>>> print(exitCode)            # 0 indicates successful convergence
0
>>> np.allclose(A.dot(x), b)
True