numpy.random.RandomState.normal¶

RandomState.normal(loc=0.0, scale=1.0, size=None)¶

Draw random samples from a normal (Gaussian) distribution.

The probability density function of the normal distribution, first derived by De Moivre and 200 years later by both Gauss and Laplace independently [R158], is often called the bell curve because of its characteristic shape (see the example below).

The normal distributions occurs often in nature. For example, it describes the commonly occurring distribution of samples influenced by a large number of tiny, random disturbances, each with its own unique distribution [R158].

Parameters:

Parameters:	loc : float Mean (“centre”) of the distribution. scale : float Standard deviation (spread or “width”) of the distribution. size : int or tuple of ints, optional Output shape. If the given shape is, e.g., `(m, n, k)`, then `m * n * k` samples are drawn. Default is None, in which case a single value is returned.

loc : float

Mean (“centre”) of the distribution.

scale : float

Standard deviation (spread or “width”) of the distribution.

size : int or tuple of ints, optional

Output shape. If the given shape is, e.g., (m, n, k), then m * n * k samples are drawn. Default is None, in which case a single value is returned.

See also

scipy.stats.distributions.norm: probability density function, distribution or cumulative density function, etc.

Notes

The probability density for the Gaussian distribution is

$p(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{ 2 \pi \sigma^2 }} e^{ - \frac{ (x - \mu)^2 } {2 \sigma^2} },$

where $\mu$ is the mean and $\sigma$ the standard deviation. The square of the standard deviation, $\sigma^2$ , is called the variance.

The function has its peak at the mean, and its “spread” increases with the standard deviation (the function reaches 0.607 times its maximum at $x + \sigma$ and $x - \sigma$ [R158]). This implies that numpy.random.normal is more likely to return samples lying close to the mean, rather than those far away.

References

[R157]

Wikipedia, “Normal distribution”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

[R158]

(1, 2, 3, 4) P. R. Peebles Jr., “Central Limit Theorem” in “Probability, Random Variables and Random Signal Principles”, 4th ed., 2001, pp. 51, 51, 125.

Examples

Draw samples from the distribution:

>>> mu, sigma = 0, 0.1 # mean and standard deviation
>>> s = np.random.normal(mu, sigma, 1000)

Verify the mean and the variance:

>>> abs(mu - np.mean(s)) < 0.01
True

>>> abs(sigma - np.std(s, ddof=1)) < 0.01
True

Display the histogram of the samples, along with the probability density function:

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> count, bins, ignored = plt.hist(s, 30, normed=True)
>>> plt.plot(bins, 1/(sigma * np.sqrt(2 * np.pi)) *
...                np.exp( - (bins - mu)**2 / (2 * sigma**2) ),
...          linewidth=2, color='r')
>>> plt.show()

(Source code, png, pdf)

../../_images/numpy-random-RandomState-normal-1.png

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