Array API ========= .. sectionauthor:: Travis E. Oliphant | The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two | opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the | ability to function. | --- *F. Scott Fitzgerald* | For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public | relations, for Nature cannot be fooled. | --- *Richard P. Feynman* .. index:: pair: ndarray; C-API pair: C-API; array Array structure and data access ------------------------------- These macros all access the :ctype:`PyArrayObject` structure members. The input argument, obj, can be any :ctype:`PyObject *` that is directly interpretable as a :ctype:`PyArrayObject *` (any instance of the :cdata:`PyArray_Type` and its sub-types). .. cfunction:: void *PyArray_DATA(PyObject *obj) .. cfunction:: char *PyArray_BYTES(PyObject *obj) These two macros are similar and obtain the pointer to the data-buffer for the array. The first macro can (and should be) assigned to a particular pointer where the second is for generic processing. If you have not guaranteed a contiguous and/or aligned array then be sure you understand how to access the data in the array to avoid memory and/or alignment problems. .. cfunction:: npy_intp *PyArray_DIMS(PyObject *arr) .. cfunction:: npy_intp *PyArray_STRIDES(PyObject* arr) .. cfunction:: npy_intp PyArray_DIM(PyObject* arr, int n) Return the shape in the *n* :math:`^{\textrm{th}}` dimension. .. cfunction:: npy_intp PyArray_STRIDE(PyObject* arr, int n) Return the stride in the *n* :math:`^{\textrm{th}}` dimension. .. cfunction:: PyObject *PyArray_BASE(PyObject* arr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_Descr *PyArray_DESCR(PyObject* arr) .. cfunction:: int PyArray_FLAGS(PyObject* arr) .. cfunction:: int PyArray_ITEMSIZE(PyObject* arr) Return the itemsize for the elements of this array. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_TYPE(PyObject* arr) Return the (builtin) typenumber for the elements of this array. .. cfunction:: PyObject *PyArray_GETITEM(PyObject* arr, void* itemptr) Get a Python object from the ndarray, *arr*, at the location pointed to by itemptr. Return ``NULL`` on failure. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_SETITEM(PyObject* arr, void* itemptr, PyObject* obj) Convert obj and place it in the ndarray, *arr*, at the place pointed to by itemptr. Return -1 if an error occurs or 0 on success. .. cfunction:: npy_intp PyArray_SIZE(PyObject* arr) Returns the total size (in number of elements) of the array. .. cfunction:: npy_intp PyArray_Size(PyObject* obj) Returns 0 if *obj* is not a sub-class of bigndarray. Otherwise, returns the total number of elements in the array. Safer version of :cfunc:`PyArray_SIZE` (*obj*). .. cfunction:: npy_intp PyArray_NBYTES(PyObject* arr) Returns the total number of bytes consumed by the array. Data access ^^^^^^^^^^^ These functions and macros provide easy access to elements of the ndarray from C. These work for all arrays. You may need to take care when accessing the data in the array, however, if it is not in machine byte-order, misaligned, or not writeable. In other words, be sure to respect the state of the flags unless you know what you are doing, or have previously guaranteed an array that is writeable, aligned, and in machine byte-order using :cfunc:`PyArray_FromAny`. If you wish to handle all types of arrays, the copyswap function for each type is useful for handling misbehaved arrays. Some platforms (e.g. Solaris) do not like misaligned data and will crash if you de-reference a misaligned pointer. Other platforms (e.g. x86 Linux) will just work more slowly with misaligned data. .. cfunction:: void* PyArray_GetPtr(PyArrayObject* aobj, npy_intp* ind) Return a pointer to the data of the ndarray, *aobj*, at the N-dimensional index given by the c-array, *ind*, (which must be at least *aobj* ->nd in size). You may want to typecast the returned pointer to the data type of the ndarray. .. cfunction:: void* PyArray_GETPTR1(PyObject* obj, i) .. cfunction:: void* PyArray_GETPTR2(PyObject* obj, i, j) .. cfunction:: void* PyArray_GETPTR3(PyObject* obj, i, j, k) .. cfunction:: void* PyArray_GETPTR4(PyObject* obj, i, j, k, l) Quick, inline access to the element at the given coordinates in the ndarray, *obj*, which must have respectively 1, 2, 3, or 4 dimensions (this is not checked). The corresponding *i*, *j*, *k*, and *l* coordinates can be any integer but will be interpreted as ``npy_intp``. You may want to typecast the returned pointer to the data type of the ndarray. Creating arrays --------------- From scratch ^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_NewFromDescr(PyTypeObject* subtype, PyArray_Descr* descr, int nd, npy_intp* dims, npy_intp* strides, void* data, int flags, PyObject* obj) This is the main array creation function. Most new arrays are created with this flexible function. The returned object is an object of Python-type *subtype*, which must be a subtype of :cdata:`PyArray_Type`. The array has *nd* dimensions, described by *dims*. The data-type descriptor of the new array is *descr*. If *subtype* is not :cdata:`&PyArray_Type` (*e.g.* a Python subclass of the ndarray), then *obj* is the object to pass to the :obj:`__array_finalize__` method of the subclass. If *data* is ``NULL``, then new memory will be allocated and *flags* can be non-zero to indicate a Fortran-style contiguous array. If *data* is not ``NULL``, then it is assumed to point to the memory to be used for the array and the *flags* argument is used as the new flags for the array (except the state of :cdata:`NPY_OWNDATA` and :cdata:`UPDATEIFCOPY` flags of the new array will be reset). In addition, if *data* is non-NULL, then *strides* can also be provided. If *strides* is ``NULL``, then the array strides are computed as C-style contiguous (default) or Fortran-style contiguous (*flags* is nonzero for *data* = ``NULL`` or *flags* & :cdata:`NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS` is nonzero non-NULL *data*). Any provided *dims* and *strides* are copied into newly allocated dimension and strides arrays for the new array object. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_New(PyTypeObject* subtype, int nd, npy_intp* dims, int type_num, npy_intp* strides, void* data, int itemsize, int flags, PyObject* obj) This is similar to :cfunc:`PyArray_DescrNew` (...) except you specify the data-type descriptor with *type_num* and *itemsize*, where *type_num* corresponds to a builtin (or user-defined) type. If the type always has the same number of bytes, then itemsize is ignored. Otherwise, itemsize specifies the particular size of this array. .. warning:: If data is passed to :cfunc:`PyArray_NewFromDescr` or :cfunc:`PyArray_New`, this memory must not be deallocated until the new array is deleted. If this data came from another Python object, this can be accomplished using :cfunc:`Py_INCREF` on that object and setting the base member of the new array to point to that object. If strides are passed in they must be consistent with the dimensions, the itemsize, and the data of the array. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_SimpleNew(int nd, npy_intp* dims, int typenum) Create a new unitialized array of type, *typenum*, whose size in each of *nd* dimensions is given by the integer array, *dims*. This function cannot be used to create a flexible-type array (no itemsize given). .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(int nd, npy_intp* dims, int typenum, void* data) Create an array wrapper around *data* pointed to by the given pointer. The array flags will have a default that the data area is well-behaved and C-style contiguous. The shape of the array is given by the *dims* c-array of length *nd*. The data-type of the array is indicated by *typenum*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_SimpleNewFromDescr(int nd, npy_intp* dims, PyArray_Descr* descr) Create a new array with the provided data-type descriptor, *descr* , of the shape deteremined by *nd* and *dims*. .. cfunction:: PyArray_FILLWBYTE(PyObject* obj, int val) Fill the array pointed to by *obj* ---which must be a (subclass of) bigndarray---with the contents of *val* (evaluated as a byte). .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Zeros(int nd, npy_intp* dims, PyArray_Descr* dtype, int fortran) Construct a new *nd* -dimensional array with shape given by *dims* and data type given by *dtype*. If *fortran* is non-zero, then a Fortran-order array is created, otherwise a C-order array is created. Fill the memory with zeros (or the 0 object if *dtype* corresponds to :ctype:`PyArray_OBJECT` ). .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_ZEROS(int nd, npy_intp* dims, int type_num, int fortran) Macro form of :cfunc:`PyArray_Zeros` which takes a type-number instead of a data-type object. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Empty(int nd, npy_intp* dims, PyArray_Descr* dtype, int fortran) Construct a new *nd* -dimensional array with shape given by *dims* and data type given by *dtype*. If *fortran* is non-zero, then a Fortran-order array is created, otherwise a C-order array is created. The array is uninitialized unless the data type corresponds to :ctype:`PyArray_OBJECT` in which case the array is filled with :cdata:`Py_None`. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_EMPTY(int nd, npy_intp* dims, int typenum, int fortran) Macro form of :cfunc:`PyArray_Empty` which takes a type-number, *typenum*, instead of a data-type object. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Arange(double start, double stop, double step, int typenum) Construct a new 1-dimensional array of data-type, *typenum*, that ranges from *start* to *stop* (exclusive) in increments of *step* . Equivalent to **arange** (*start*, *stop*, *step*, dtype). .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_ArangeObj(PyObject* start, PyObject* stop, PyObject* step, PyArray_Descr* descr) Construct a new 1-dimensional array of data-type determined by ``descr``, that ranges from ``start`` to ``stop`` (exclusive) in increments of ``step``. Equivalent to arange( ``start``, ``stop``, ``step``, ``typenum`` ). From other objects ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_FromAny(PyObject* op, PyArray_Descr* dtype, int min_depth, int max_depth, int requirements, PyObject* context) This is the main function used to obtain an array from any nested sequence, or object that exposes the array interface, *op*. The parameters allow specification of the required *dtype*, the minimum (*min_depth*) and maximum (*max_depth*) number of dimensions acceptable, and other *requirements* for the array. The *dtype* argument needs to be a :ctype:`PyArray_Descr` structure indicating the desired data-type (including required byteorder). The *dtype* argument may be NULL, indicating that any data-type (and byteorder) is acceptable. Unless ``FORCECAST`` is present in ``flags``, this call will generate an error if the data type cannot be safely obtained from the object. If you want to use ``NULL`` for the *dtype* and ensure the array is notswapped then use :cfunc:`PyArray_CheckFromAny`. A value of 0 for either of the depth parameters causes the parameter to be ignored. Any of the following array flags can be added (*e.g.* using \|) to get the *requirements* argument. If your code can handle general (*e.g.* strided, byte-swapped, or unaligned arrays) then *requirements* may be 0. Also, if *op* is not already an array (or does not expose the array interface), then a new array will be created (and filled from *op* using the sequence protocol). The new array will have :cdata:`NPY_DEFAULT` as its flags member. The *context* argument is passed to the :obj:`__array__` method of *op* and is only used if the array is constructed that way. Almost always this parameter is ``NULL``. .. cvar:: NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS Make sure the returned array is C-style contiguous .. cvar:: NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS Make sure the returned array is Fortran-style contiguous. .. cvar:: NPY_ALIGNED Make sure the returned array is aligned on proper boundaries for its data type. An aligned array has the data pointer and every strides factor as a multiple of the alignment factor for the data-type- descriptor. .. cvar:: NPY_WRITEABLE Make sure the returned array can be written to. .. cvar:: NPY_ENSURECOPY Make sure a copy is made of *op*. If this flag is not present, data is not copied if it can be avoided. .. cvar:: NPY_ENSUREARRAY Make sure the result is a base-class ndarray or bigndarray. By default, if *op* is an instance of a subclass of the bigndarray, an instance of that same subclass is returned. If this flag is set, an ndarray object will be returned instead. .. cvar:: NPY_FORCECAST Force a cast to the output type even if it cannot be done safely. Without this flag, a data cast will occur only if it can be done safely, otherwise an error is reaised. .. cvar:: NPY_UPDATEIFCOPY If *op* is already an array, but does not satisfy the requirements, then a copy is made (which will satisfy the requirements). If this flag is present and a copy (of an object that is already an array) must be made, then the corresponding :cdata:`NPY_UPDATEIFCOPY` flag is set in the returned copy and *op* is made to be read-only. When the returned copy is deleted (presumably after your calculations are complete), its contents will be copied back into *op* and the *op* array will be made writeable again. If *op* is not writeable to begin with, then an error is raised. If *op* is not already an array, then this flag has no effect. .. cvar:: NPY_BEHAVED :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` \| :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE` .. cvar:: NPY_CARRAY :cdata:`NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_BEHAVED` .. cvar:: NPY_CARRAY_RO :cdata:`NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` .. cvar:: NPY_FARRAY :cdata:`NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_BEHAVED` .. cvar:: NPY_FARRAY_RO :cdata:`NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` .. cvar:: NPY_DEFAULT :cdata:`NPY_CARRAY` .. cvar:: NPY_IN_ARRAY :cdata:`NPY_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` .. cvar:: NPY_IN_FARRAY :cdata:`NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` .. cvar:: NPY_INOUT_ARRAY :cdata:`NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE` \| :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` .. cvar:: NPY_INOUT_FARRAY :cdata:`NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE` \| :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` .. cvar:: NPY_OUT_ARRAY :cdata:`NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE` \| :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` \| :cdata:`NPY_UPDATEIFCOPY` .. cvar:: NPY_OUT_FARRAY :cdata:`NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE` \| :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` \| :cdata:`UPDATEIFCOPY` .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_CheckFromAny(PyObject* op, PyArray_Descr* dtype, int min_depth, int max_depth, int requirements, PyObject* context) Nearly identical to :cfunc:`PyArray_FromAny` (...) except *requirements* can contain :cdata:`NPY_NOTSWAPPED` (over-riding the specification in *dtype*) and :cdata:`NPY_ELEMENTSTRIDES` which indicates that the array should be aligned in the sense that the strides are multiples of the element size. .. cvar:: NPY_NOTSWAPPED Make sure the returned array has a data-type descriptor that is in machine byte-order, over-riding any specification in the *dtype* argument. Normally, the byte-order requirement is determined by the *dtype* argument. If this flag is set and the dtype argument does not indicate a machine byte-order descriptor (or is NULL and the object is already an array with a data-type descriptor that is not in machine byte- order), then a new data-type descriptor is created and used with its byte-order field set to native. .. cvar:: NPY_BEHAVED_NS :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` \| :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE` \| :cdata:`NPY_NOTSWAPPED` .. cvar:: NPY_ELEMENTSTRIDES Make sure the returned array has strides that are multiples of the element size. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_FromArray(PyArrayObject* op, PyArray_Descr* newtype, int requirements) Special case of :cfunc:`PyArray_FromAny` for when *op* is already an array but it needs to be of a specific *newtype* (including byte-order) or has certain *requirements*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_FromStructInterface(PyObject* op) Returns an ndarray object from a Python object that exposes the :obj:`__array_struct__`` method and follows the array interface protocol. If the object does not contain this method then a borrowed reference to :cdata:`Py_NotImplemented` is returned. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_FromInterface(PyObject* op) Returns an ndarray object from a Python object that exposes the :obj:`__array_shape__` and :obj:`__array_typestr__` methods following the array interface protocol. If the object does not contain one of these method then a borrowed reference to :cdata:`Py_NotImplemented` is returned. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_FromArrayAttr(PyObject* op, PyArray_Descr* dtype, PyObject* context) Return an ndarray object from a Python object that exposes the :obj:`__array__` method. The :obj:`__array__` method can take 0, 1, or 2 arguments ([dtype, context]) where *context* is used to pass information about where the :obj:`__array__` method is being called from (currently only used in ufuncs). .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_ContiguousFromAny(PyObject* op, int typenum, int min_depth, int max_depth) This function returns a (C-style) contiguous and behaved function array from any nested sequence or array interface exporting object, *op*, of (non-flexible) type given by the enumerated *typenum*, of minimum depth *min_depth*, and of maximum depth *max_depth*. Equivalent to a call to :cfunc:`PyArray_FromAny` with requirements set to :cdata:`NPY_DEFAULT` and the type_num member of the type argument set to *typenum*. .. cfunction:: PyObject *PyArray_FromObject(PyObject *op, int typenum, int min_depth, int max_depth) Return an aligned and in native-byteorder array from any nested sequence or array-interface exporting object, op, of a type given by the enumerated typenum. The minimum number of dimensions the array can have is given by min_depth while the maximum is max_depth. This is equivalent to a call to :cfunc:`PyArray_FromAny` with requirements set to BEHAVED. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_EnsureArray(PyObject* op) This function **steals a reference** to ``op`` and makes sure that ``op`` is a base-class ndarray. It special cases array scalars, but otherwise calls :cfunc:`PyArray_FromAny` ( ``op``, NULL, 0, 0, :cdata:`NPY_ENSUREARRAY`). .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_FromString(char* string, npy_intp slen, PyArray_Descr* dtype, npy_intp num, char* sep) Construct a one-dimensional ndarray of a single type from a binary or (ASCII) text ``string`` of length ``slen``. The data-type of the array to-be-created is given by ``dtype``. If num is -1, then **copy** the entire string and return an appropriately sized array, otherwise, ``num`` is the number of items to **copy** from the string. If ``sep`` is NULL (or ""), then interpret the string as bytes of binary data, otherwise convert the sub-strings separated by ``sep`` to items of data-type ``dtype``. Some data-types may not be readable in text mode and an error will be raised if that occurs. All errors return NULL. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_FromFile(FILE* fp, PyArray_Descr* dtype, npy_intp num, char* sep) Construct a one-dimensional ndarray of a single type from a binary or text file. The open file pointer is ``fp``, the data-type of the array to be created is given by ``dtype``. This must match the data in the file. If ``num`` is -1, then read until the end of the file and return an appropriately sized array, otherwise, ``num`` is the number of items to read. If ``sep`` is NULL (or ""), then read from the file in binary mode, otherwise read from the file in text mode with ``sep`` providing the item separator. Some array types cannot be read in text mode in which case an error is raised. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_FromBuffer(PyObject* buf, PyArray_Descr* dtype, npy_intp count, npy_intp offset) Construct a one-dimensional ndarray of a single type from an object, ``buf``, that exports the (single-segment) buffer protocol (or has an attribute __buffer\__ that returns an object that exports the buffer protocol). A writeable buffer will be tried first followed by a read- only buffer. The :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE` flag of the returned array will reflect which one was successful. The data is assumed to start at ``offset`` bytes from the start of the memory location for the object. The type of the data in the buffer will be interpreted depending on the data- type descriptor, ``dtype.`` If ``count`` is negative then it will be determined from the size of the buffer and the requested itemsize, otherwise, ``count`` represents how many elements should be converted from the buffer. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_CopyInto(PyArrayObject* dest, PyArrayObject* src) Copy from the source array, ``src``, into the destination array, ``dest``, performing a data-type conversion if necessary. If an error occurs return -1 (otherwise 0). The shape of ``src`` must be broadcastable to the shape of ``dest``. The data areas of dest and src must not overlap. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_MoveInto(PyArrayObject* dest, PyArrayObject* src) Move data from the source array, ``src``, into the destination array, ``dest``, performing a data-type conversion if necessary. If an error occurs return -1 (otherwise 0). The shape of ``src`` must be broadcastable to the shape of ``dest``. The data areas of dest and src may overlap. .. cfunction:: PyArrayObject* PyArray_GETCONTIGUOUS(PyObject* op) If ``op`` is already (C-style) contiguous and well-behaved then just return a reference, otherwise return a (contiguous and well-behaved) copy of the array. The parameter op must be a (sub-class of an) ndarray and no checking for that is done. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_FROM_O(PyObject* obj) Convert ``obj`` to an ndarray. The argument can be any nested sequence or object that exports the array interface. This is a macro form of :cfunc:`PyArray_FromAny` using ``NULL``, 0, 0, 0 for the other arguments. Your code must be able to handle any data-type descriptor and any combination of data-flags to use this macro. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_FROM_OF(PyObject* obj, int requirements) Similar to :cfunc:`PyArray_FROM_O` except it can take an argument of *requirements* indicating properties the resulting array must have. Available requirements that can be enforced are :cdata:`NPY_CONTIGUOUS`, :cdata:`NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS`, :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED`, :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE`, :cdata:`NPY_NOTSWAPPED`, :cdata:`NPY_ENSURECOPY`, :cdata:`NPY_UPDATEIFCOPY`, :cdata:`NPY_FORCECAST`, and :cdata:`NPY_ENSUREARRAY`. Standard combinations of flags can also be used: .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_FROM_OT(PyObject* obj, int typenum) Similar to :cfunc:`PyArray_FROM_O` except it can take an argument of *typenum* specifying the type-number the returned array. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_FROM_OTF(PyObject* obj, int typenum, int requirements) Combination of :cfunc:`PyArray_FROM_OF` and :cfunc:`PyArray_FROM_OT` allowing both a *typenum* and a *flags* argument to be provided.. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_FROMANY(PyObject* obj, int typenum, int min, int max, int requirements) Similar to :cfunc:`PyArray_FromAny` except the data-type is specified using a typenumber. :cfunc:`PyArray_DescrFromType` (*typenum*) is passed directly to :cfunc:`PyArray_FromAny`. This macro also adds :cdata:`NPY_DEFAULT` to requirements if :cdata:`NPY_ENSURECOPY` is passed in as requirements. .. cfunction:: PyObject *PyArray_CheckAxis(PyObject* obj, int* axis, int requirements) Encapsulate the functionality of functions and methods that take the axis= keyword and work properly with None as the axis argument. The input array is ``obj``, while ``*axis`` is a converted integer (so that >=MAXDIMS is the None value), and ``requirements`` gives the needed properties of ``obj``. The output is a converted version of the input so that requirements are met and if needed a flattening has occurred. On output negative values of ``*axis`` are converted and the new value is checked to ensure consistency with the shape of ``obj``. Dealing with types ------------------ General check of Python Type ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: PyArray_Check(op) Evaluates true if *op* is a Python object whose type is a sub-type of :cdata:`PyArray_Type`. .. cfunction:: PyArray_CheckExact(op) Evaluates true if *op* is a Python object with type :cdata:`PyArray_Type`. .. cfunction:: PyArray_HasArrayInterface(op, out) If ``op`` implements any part of the array interface, then ``out`` will contain a new reference to the newly created ndarray using the interface or ``out`` will contain ``NULL`` if an error during conversion occurs. Otherwise, out will contain a borrowed reference to :cdata:`Py_NotImplemented` and no error condition is set. .. cfunction:: PyArray_HasArrayInterfaceType(op, type, context, out) If ``op`` implements any part of the array interface, then ``out`` will contain a new reference to the newly created ndarray using the interface or ``out`` will contain ``NULL`` if an error during conversion occurs. Otherwise, out will contain a borrowed reference to Py_NotImplemented and no error condition is set. This version allows setting of the type and context in the part of the array interface that looks for the :obj:`__array__` attribute. .. cfunction:: PyArray_IsZeroDim(op) Evaluates true if *op* is an instance of (a subclass of) :cdata:`PyArray_Type` and has 0 dimensions. .. cfunction:: PyArray_IsScalar(op, cls) Evaluates true if *op* is an instance of :cdata:`Py{cls}ArrType_Type`. .. cfunction:: PyArray_CheckScalar(op) Evaluates true if *op* is either an array scalar (an instance of a sub-type of :cdata:`PyGenericArr_Type` ), or an instance of (a sub-class of) :cdata:`PyArray_Type` whose dimensionality is 0. .. cfunction:: PyArray_IsPythonScalar(op) Evaluates true if *op* is a builtin Python "scalar" object (int, float, complex, str, unicode, long, bool). .. cfunction:: PyArray_IsAnyScalar(op) Evaluates true if *op* is either a Python scalar or an array scalar (an instance of a sub- type of :cdata:`PyGenericArr_Type` ). Data-type checking ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ For the typenum macros, the argument is an integer representing an enumerated array data type. For the array type checking macros the argument must be a :ctype:`PyObject *` that can be directly interpreted as a :ctype:`PyArrayObject *`. .. cfunction:: PyTypeNum_ISUNSIGNED(num) .. cfunction:: PyDataType_ISUNSIGNED(descr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISUNSIGNED(obj) Type represents an unsigned integer. .. cfunction:: PyTypeNum_ISSIGNED(num) .. cfunction:: PyDataType_ISSIGNED(descr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISSIGNED(obj) Type represents a signed integer. .. cfunction:: PyTypeNum_ISINTEGER(num) .. cfunction:: PyDataType_ISINTEGER(descr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISINTEGER(obj) Type represents any integer. .. cfunction:: PyTypeNum_ISFLOAT(num) .. cfunction:: PyDataType_ISFLOAT(descr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISFLOAT(obj) Type represents any floating point number. .. cfunction:: PyTypeNum_ISCOMPLEX(num) .. cfunction:: PyDataType_ISCOMPLEX(descr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISCOMPLEX(obj) Type represents any complex floating point number. .. cfunction:: PyTypeNum_ISNUMBER(num) .. cfunction:: PyDataType_ISNUMBER(descr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISNUMBER(obj) Type represents any integer, floating point, or complex floating point number. .. cfunction:: PyTypeNum_ISSTRING(num) .. cfunction:: PyDataType_ISSTRING(descr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISSTRING(obj) Type represents a string data type. .. cfunction:: PyTypeNum_ISPYTHON(num) .. cfunction:: PyDataType_ISPYTHON(descr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISPYTHON(obj) Type represents an enumerated type corresponding to one of the standard Python scalar (bool, int, float, or complex). .. cfunction:: PyTypeNum_ISFLEXIBLE(num) .. cfunction:: PyDataType_ISFLEXIBLE(descr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISFLEXIBLE(obj) Type represents one of the flexible array types ( :cdata:`NPY_STRING`, :cdata:`NPY_UNICODE`, or :cdata:`NPY_VOID` ). .. cfunction:: PyTypeNum_ISUSERDEF(num) .. cfunction:: PyDataType_ISUSERDEF(descr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISUSERDEF(obj) Type represents a user-defined type. .. cfunction:: PyTypeNum_ISEXTENDED(num) .. cfunction:: PyDataType_ISEXTENDED(descr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISEXTENDED(obj) Type is either flexible or user-defined. .. cfunction:: PyTypeNum_ISOBJECT(num) .. cfunction:: PyDataType_ISOBJECT(descr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISOBJECT(obj) Type represents object data type. .. cfunction:: PyTypeNum_ISBOOL(num) .. cfunction:: PyDataType_ISBOOL(descr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISBOOL(obj) Type represents Boolean data type. .. cfunction:: PyDataType_HASFIELDS(descr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_HASFIELDS(obj) Type has fields associated with it. .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISNOTSWAPPED(m) Evaluates true if the data area of the ndarray *m* is in machine byte-order according to the array's data-type descriptor. .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISBYTESWAPPED(m) Evaluates true if the data area of the ndarray *m* is **not** in machine byte-order according to the array's data-type descriptor. .. cfunction:: Bool PyArray_EquivTypes(PyArray_Descr* type1, PyArray_Descr* type2) Return :cdata:`NPY_TRUE` if *type1* and *type2* actually represent equivalent types for this platform (the fortran member of each type is ignored). For example, on 32-bit platforms, :cdata:`NPY_LONG` and :cdata:`NPY_INT` are equivalent. Otherwise return :cdata:`NPY_FALSE`. .. cfunction:: Bool PyArray_EquivArrTypes(PyArrayObject* a1, PyArrayObject * a2) Return :cdata:`NPY_TRUE` if *a1* and *a2* are arrays with equivalent types for this platform. .. cfunction:: Bool PyArray_EquivTypenums(int typenum1, int typenum2) Special case of :cfunc:`PyArray_EquivTypes` (...) that does not accept flexible data types but may be easier to call. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_EquivByteorders({byteorder} b1, {byteorder} b2) True if byteorder characters ( :cdata:`NPY_LITTLE`, :cdata:`NPY_BIG`, :cdata:`NPY_NATIVE`, :cdata:`NPY_IGNORE` ) are either equal or equivalent as to their specification of a native byte order. Thus, on a little-endian machine :cdata:`NPY_LITTLE` and :cdata:`NPY_NATIVE` are equivalent where they are not equivalent on a big-endian machine. Converting data types ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Cast(PyArrayObject* arr, int typenum) Mainly for backwards compatibility to the Numeric C-API and for simple casts to non-flexible types. Return a new array object with the elements of *arr* cast to the data-type *typenum* which must be one of the enumerated types and not a flexible type. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_CastToType(PyArrayObject* arr, PyArray_Descr* type, int fortran) Return a new array of the *type* specified, casting the elements of *arr* as appropriate. The fortran argument specifies the ordering of the output array. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_CastTo(PyArrayObject* out, PyArrayObject* in) Cast the elements of the array *in* into the array *out*. The output array should be writeable, have an integer-multiple of the number of elements in the input array (more than one copy can be placed in out), and have a data type that is one of the builtin types. Returns 0 on success and -1 if an error occurs. .. cfunction:: PyArray_VectorUnaryFunc* PyArray_GetCastFunc(PyArray_Descr* from, int totype) Return the low-level casting function to cast from the given descriptor to the builtin type number. If no casting function exists return ``NULL`` and set an error. Using this function instead of direct access to *from* ->f->cast will allow support of any user-defined casting functions added to a descriptors casting dictionary. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_CanCastSafely(int fromtype, int totype) Returns non-zero if an array of data type *fromtype* can be cast to an array of data type *totype* without losing information. An exception is that 64-bit integers are allowed to be cast to 64-bit floating point values even though this can lose precision on large integers so as not to proliferate the use of long doubles without explict requests. Flexible array types are not checked according to their lengths with this function. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_CanCastTo(PyArray_Descr* fromtype, PyArray_Descr* totype) Returns non-zero if an array of data type *fromtype* (which can include flexible types) can be cast safely to an array of data type *totype* (which can include flexible types). This is basically a wrapper around :cfunc:`PyArray_CanCastSafely` with additional support for size checking if *fromtype* and *totype* are :cdata:`NPY_STRING` or :cdata:`NPY_UNICODE`. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_ObjectType(PyObject* op, int mintype) This function is useful for determining a common type that two or more arrays can be converted to. It only works for non-flexible array types as no itemsize information is passed. The *mintype* argument represents the minimum type acceptable, and *op* represents the object that will be converted to an array. The return value is the enumerated typenumber that represents the data-type that *op* should have. .. cfunction:: void PyArray_ArrayType(PyObject* op, PyArray_Descr* mintype, PyArray_Descr* outtype) This function works similarly to :cfunc:`PyArray_ObjectType` (...) except it handles flexible arrays. The *mintype* argument can have an itemsize member and the *outtype* argument will have an itemsize member at least as big but perhaps bigger depending on the object *op*. .. cfunction:: PyArrayObject** PyArray_ConvertToCommonType(PyObject* op, int* n) Convert a sequence of Python objects contained in *op* to an array of ndarrays each having the same data type. The type is selected based on the typenumber (larger type number is chosen over a smaller one) ignoring objects that are only scalars. The length of the sequence is returned in *n*, and an *n* -length array of :ctype:`PyArrayObject` pointers is the return value (or ``NULL`` if an error occurs). The returned array must be freed by the caller of this routine (using :cfunc:`PyDataMem_FREE` ) and all the array objects in it ``DECREF`` 'd or a memory-leak will occur. The example template-code below shows a typically usage: .. code-block:: c mps = PyArray_ConvertToCommonType(obj, &n); if (mps==NULL) return NULL; {code} for (i=0; iitemsize that holds the representation of 0 for that type. The returned pointer, *ret*, **must be freed** using :cfunc:`PyDataMem_FREE` (ret) when it is not needed anymore. .. cfunction:: char* PyArray_One(PyArrayObject* arr) A pointer to newly created memory of size *arr* ->itemsize that holds the representation of 1 for that type. The returned pointer, *ret*, **must be freed** using :cfunc:`PyDataMem_FREE` (ret) when it is not needed anymore. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_ValidType(int typenum) Returns :cdata:`NPY_TRUE` if *typenum* represents a valid type-number (builtin or user-defined or character code). Otherwise, this function returns :cdata:`NPY_FALSE`. New data types ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: void PyArray_InitArrFuncs(PyArray_ArrFuncs* f) Initialize all function pointers and members to ``NULL``. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_RegisterDataType(PyArray_Descr* dtype) Register a data-type as a new user-defined data type for arrays. The type must have most of its entries filled in. This is not always checked and errors can produce segfaults. In particular, the typeobj member of the ``dtype`` structure must be filled with a Python type that has a fixed-size element-size that corresponds to the elsize member of *dtype*. Also the ``f`` member must have the required functions: nonzero, copyswap, copyswapn, getitem, setitem, and cast (some of the cast functions may be ``NULL`` if no support is desired). To avoid confusion, you should choose a unique character typecode but this is not enforced and not relied on internally. A user-defined type number is returned that uniquely identifies the type. A pointer to the new structure can then be obtained from :cfunc:`PyArray_DescrFromType` using the returned type number. A -1 is returned if an error occurs. If this *dtype* has already been registered (checked only by the address of the pointer), then return the previously-assigned type-number. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_RegisterCastFunc(PyArray_Descr* descr, int totype, PyArray_VectorUnaryFunc* castfunc) Register a low-level casting function, *castfunc*, to convert from the data-type, *descr*, to the given data-type number, *totype*. Any old casting function is over-written. A ``0`` is returned on success or a ``-1`` on failure. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_RegisterCanCast(PyArray_Descr* descr, int totype, PyArray_SCALARKIND scalar) Register the data-type number, *totype*, as castable from data-type object, *descr*, of the given *scalar* kind. Use *scalar* = :cdata:`NPY_NOSCALAR` to register that an array of data-type *descr* can be cast safely to a data-type whose type_number is *totype*. Special functions for PyArray_OBJECT ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: int PyArray_INCREF(PyArrayObject* op) Used for an array, *op*, that contains any Python objects. It increments the reference count of every object in the array according to the data-type of *op*. A -1 is returned if an error occurs, otherwise 0 is returned. .. cfunction:: void PyArray_Item_INCREF(char* ptr, PyArray_Descr* dtype) A function to INCREF all the objects at the location *ptr* according to the data-type *dtype*. If *ptr* is the start of a record with an object at any offset, then this will (recursively) increment the reference count of all object-like items in the record. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_XDECREF(PyArrayObject* op) Used for an array, *op*, that contains any Python objects. It decrements the reference count of every object in the array according to the data-type of *op*. Normal return value is 0. A -1 is returned if an error occurs. .. cfunction:: void PyArray_Item_XDECREF(char* ptr, PyArray_Descr* dtype) A function to XDECREF all the object-like items at the loacation *ptr* as recorded in the data-type, *dtype*. This works recursively so that if ``dtype`` itself has fields with data-types that contain object-like items, all the object-like fields will be XDECREF ``'d``. .. cfunction:: void PyArray_FillObjectArray(PyArrayObject* arr, PyObject* obj) Fill a newly created array with a single value obj at all locations in the structure with object data-types. No checking is performed but *arr* must be of data-type :ctype:`PyArray_OBJECT` and be single-segment and uninitialized (no previous objects in position). Use :cfunc:`PyArray_DECREF` (*arr*) if you need to decrement all the items in the object array prior to calling this function. Array flags ----------- The ``flags`` attribute of the ``PyArrayObject`` structure contains important information about the memory used by the array (pointed to by the data member) This flag information must be kept accurate or strange results and even segfaults may result. There are 6 (binary) flags that describe the memory area used by the data buffer. These constants are defined in ``arrayobject.h`` and determine the bit-position of the flag. Python exposes a nice attribute- based interface as well as a dictionary-like interface for getting (and, if appropriate, setting) these flags. Memory areas of all kinds can be pointed to by an ndarray, necessitating these flags. If you get an arbitrary ``PyArrayObject`` in C-code, you need to be aware of the flags that are set. If you need to guarantee a certain kind of array (like ``NPY_CONTIGUOUS`` and ``NPY_BEHAVED``), then pass these requirements into the PyArray_FromAny function. Basic Array Flags ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ An ndarray can have a data segment that is not a simple contiguous chunk of well-behaved memory you can manipulate. It may not be aligned with word boundaries (very important on some platforms). It might have its data in a different byte-order than the machine recognizes. It might not be writeable. It might be in Fortan-contiguous order. The array flags are used to indicate what can be said about data associated with an array. .. cvar:: NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS The data area is in C-style contiguous order (last index varies the fastest). .. cvar:: NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS The data area is in Fortran-style contiguous order (first index varies the fastest). Notice that contiguous 1-d arrays are always both ``NPY_FORTRAN`` contiguous and C contiguous. Both of these flags can be checked and are convenience flags only as whether or not an array is ``NPY_CONTIGUOUS`` or ``NPY_FORTRAN`` can be determined by the ``strides``, ``dimensions``, and ``itemsize`` attributes. .. cvar:: NPY_OWNDATA The data area is owned by this array. .. cvar:: NPY_ALIGNED The data area is aligned appropriately (for all strides). .. cvar:: NPY_WRITEABLE The data area can be written to. Notice that the above 3 flags are are defined so that a new, well- behaved array has these flags defined as true. .. cvar:: NPY_UPDATEIFCOPY The data area represents a (well-behaved) copy whose information should be transferred back to the original when this array is deleted. This is a special flag that is set if this array represents a copy made because a user required certain flags in :cfunc:`PyArray_FromAny` and a copy had to be made of some other array (and the user asked for this flag to be set in such a situation). The base attribute then points to the "misbehaved" array (which is set read_only). When the array with this flag set is deallocated, it will copy its contents back to the "misbehaved" array (casting if necessary) and will reset the "misbehaved" array to :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE`. If the "misbehaved" array was not :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE` to begin with then :cfunc:`PyArray_FromAny` would have returned an error because :cdata:`NPY_UPDATEIFCOPY` would not have been possible. :cfunc:`PyArray_UpdateFlags` (obj, flags) will update the ``obj->flags`` for ``flags`` which can be any of :cdata:`NPY_CONTIGUOUS`, :cdata:`NPY_FORTRAN`, :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED`, or :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE`. Combinations of array flags ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cvar:: NPY_BEHAVED :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` \| :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE` .. cvar:: NPY_CARRAY :cdata:`NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_BEHAVED` .. cvar:: NPY_CARRAY_RO :cdata:`NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` .. cvar:: NPY_FARRAY :cdata:`NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_BEHAVED` .. cvar:: NPY_FARRAY_RO :cdata:`NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` .. cvar:: NPY_DEFAULT :cdata:`NPY_CARRAY` .. cvar:: NPY_UPDATE_ALL :cdata:`NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS` \| :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` Flag-like constants ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ These constants are used in :cfunc:`PyArray_FromAny` (and its macro forms) to specify desired properties of the new array. .. cvar:: NPY_FORCECAST Cast to the desired type, even if it can't be done without losing information. .. cvar:: NPY_ENSURECOPY Make sure the resulting array is a copy of the original. .. cvar:: NPY_ENSUREARRAY Make sure the resulting object is an actual ndarray (or bigndarray), and not a sub-class. .. cvar:: NPY_NOTSWAPPED Only used in :cfunc:`PyArray_CheckFromAny` to over-ride the byteorder of the data-type object passed in. .. cvar:: NPY_BEHAVED_NS :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED` \| :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE` \| :cdata:`NPY_NOTSWAPPED` Flag checking ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ For all of these macros *arr* must be an instance of a (subclass of) :cdata:`PyArray_Type`, but no checking is done. .. cfunction:: PyArray_CHKFLAGS(arr, flags) The first parameter, arr, must be an ndarray or subclass. The parameter, *flags*, should be an integer consisting of bitwise combinations of the possible flags an array can have: :cdata:`NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS`, :cdata:`NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS`, :cdata:`NPY_OWNDATA`, :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED`, :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE`, :cdata:`NPY_UPDATEIFCOPY`. .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISCONTIGUOUS(arr) Evaluates true if *arr* is C-style contiguous. .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISFORTRAN(arr) Evaluates true if *arr* is Fortran-style contiguous. .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISWRITEABLE(arr) Evaluates true if the data area of *arr* can be written to .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISALIGNED(arr) Evaluates true if the data area of *arr* is properly aligned on the machine. .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISBEHAVED(arr) Evalutes true if the data area of *arr* is aligned and writeable and in machine byte-order according to its descriptor. .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISBEHAVED_RO(arr) Evaluates true if the data area of *arr* is aligned and in machine byte-order. .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISCARRAY(arr) Evaluates true if the data area of *arr* is C-style contiguous, and :cfunc:`PyArray_ISBEHAVED` (*arr*) is true. .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISFARRAY(arr) Evaluates true if the data area of *arr* is Fortran-style contiguous and :cfunc:`PyArray_ISBEHAVED` (*arr*) is true. .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISCARRAY_RO(arr) Evaluates true if the data area of *arr* is C-style contiguous, aligned, and in machine byte-order. .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISFARRAY_RO(arr) Evaluates true if the data area of *arr* is Fortran-style contiguous, aligned, and in machine byte-order **.** .. cfunction:: PyArray_ISONESEGMENT(arr) Evaluates true if the data area of *arr* consists of a single (C-style or Fortran-style) contiguous segment. .. cfunction:: void PyArray_UpdateFlags(PyArrayObject* arr, int flagmask) The :cdata:`NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS`, :cdata:`NPY_ALIGNED`, and :cdata:`NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS` array flags can be "calculated" from the array object itself. This routine updates one or more of these flags of *arr* as specified in *flagmask* by performing the required calculation. .. warning:: It is important to keep the flags updated (using :cfunc:`PyArray_UpdateFlags` can help) whenever a manipulation with an array is performed that might cause them to change. Later calculations in NumPy that rely on the state of these flags do not repeat the calculation to update them. Array method alternative API ---------------------------- Conversion ^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_GetField(PyArrayObject* self, PyArray_Descr* dtype, int offset) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.getfield` (*self*, *dtype*, *offset*). Return a new array of the given *dtype* using the data in the current array at a specified *offset* in bytes. The *offset* plus the itemsize of the new array type must be less than *self* ->descr->elsize or an error is raised. The same shape and strides as the original array are used. Therefore, this function has the effect of returning a field from a record array. But, it can also be used to select specific bytes or groups of bytes from any array type. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_SetField(PyArrayObject* self, PyArray_Descr* dtype, int offset, PyObject* val) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.setfield` (*self*, *val*, *dtype*, *offset* ). Set the field starting at *offset* in bytes and of the given *dtype* to *val*. The *offset* plus *dtype* ->elsize must be less than *self* ->descr->elsize or an error is raised. Otherwise, the *val* argument is converted to an array and copied into the field pointed to. If necessary, the elements of *val* are repeated to fill the destination array, But, the number of elements in the destination must be an integer multiple of the number of elements in *val*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Byteswap(PyArrayObject* self, Bool inplace) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.byteswap` (*self*, *inplace*). Return an array whose data area is byteswapped. If *inplace* is non-zero, then do the byteswap inplace and return a reference to self. Otherwise, create a byteswapped copy and leave self unchanged. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_NewCopy(PyArrayObject* old, NPY_ORDER order) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.copy` (*self*, *fortran*). Make a copy of the *old* array. The returned array is always aligned and writeable with data interpreted the same as the old array. If *order* is :cdata:`NPY_CORDER`, then a C-style contiguous array is returned. If *order* is :cdata:`NPY_FORTRANORDER`, then a Fortran-style contiguous array is returned. If *order is* :cdata:`NPY_ANYORDER`, then the array returned is Fortran-style contiguous only if the old one is; otherwise, it is C-style contiguous. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_ToList(PyArrayObject* self) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.tolist` (*self*). Return a nested Python list from *self*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_ToString(PyArrayObject* self, NPY_ORDER order) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.tostring` (*self*, *order*). Return the bytes of this array in a Python string. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_ToFile(PyArrayObject* self, FILE* fp, char* sep, char* format) Write the contents of *self* to the file pointer *fp* in C-style contiguous fashion. Write the data as binary bytes if *sep* is the string ""or ``NULL``. Otherwise, write the contents of *self* as text using the *sep* string as the item separator. Each item will be printed to the file. If the *format* string is not ``NULL`` or "", then it is a Python print statement format string showing how the items are to be written. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_Dump(PyObject* self, PyObject* file, int protocol) Pickle the object in *self* to the given *file* (either a string or a Python file object). If *file* is a Python string it is considered to be the name of a file which is then opened in binary mode. The given *protocol* is used (if *protocol* is negative, or the highest available is used). This is a simple wrapper around cPickle.dump(*self*, *file*, *protocol*). .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Dumps(PyObject* self, int protocol) Pickle the object in *self* to a Python string and return it. Use the Pickle *protocol* provided (or the highest available if *protocol* is negative). .. cfunction:: int PyArray_FillWithScalar(PyArrayObject* arr, PyObject* obj) Fill the array, *arr*, with the given scalar object, *obj*. The object is first converted to the data type of *arr*, and then copied into every location. A -1 is returned if an error occurs, otherwise 0 is returned. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_View(PyArrayObject* self, PyArray_Descr* dtype) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.view` (*self*, *dtype*). Return a new view of the array *self* as possibly a different data-type, *dtype*. If *dtype* is ``NULL``, then the returned array will have the same data type as *self*. The new data-type must be consistent with the size of *self*. Either the itemsizes must be identical, or *self* must be single-segment and the total number of bytes must be the same. In the latter case the dimensions of the returned array will be altered in the last (or first for Fortran-style contiguous arrays) dimension. The data area of the returned array and self is exactly the same. Shape Manipulation ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Newshape(PyArrayObject* self, PyArray_Dims* newshape) Result will be a new array (pointing to the same memory location as *self* if possible), but having a shape given by *newshape* . If the new shape is not compatible with the strides of *self*, then a copy of the array with the new specified shape will be returned. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Reshape(PyArrayObject* self, PyObject* shape) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.reshape` (*self*, *shape*) where *shape* is a sequence. Converts *shape* to a :ctype:`PyArray_Dims` structure and calls :cfunc:`PyArray_Newshape` internally. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Squeeze(PyArrayObject* self) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.squeeze` (*self*). Return a new view of *self* with all of the dimensions of length 1 removed from the shape. .. warning:: matrix objects are always 2-dimensional. Therefore, :cfunc:`PyArray_Squeeze` has no effect on arrays of matrix sub-class. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_SwapAxes(PyArrayObject* self, int a1, int a2) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.swapaxes` (*self*, *a1*, *a2*). The returned array is a new view of the data in *self* with the given axes, *a1* and *a2*, swapped. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Resize(PyArrayObject* self, PyArray_Dims* newshape, int refcheck, NPY_ORDER fortran) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.resize` (*self*, *newshape*, refcheck ``=`` *refcheck*, order= fortran ). This function only works on single-segment arrays. It changes the shape of *self* inplace and will reallocate the memory for *self* if *newshape* has a different total number of elements then the old shape. If reallocation is necessary, then *self* must own its data, have *self* - ``>base==NULL``, have *self* - ``>weakrefs==NULL``, and (unless refcheck is 0) not be referenced by any other array. A reference to the new array is returned. The fortran argument can be :cdata:`NPY_ANYORDER`, :cdata:`NPY_CORDER`, or :cdata:`NPY_FORTRANORDER`. It currently has no effect. Eventually it could be used to determine how the resize operation should view the data when constructing a differently-dimensioned array. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Transpose(PyArrayObject* self, PyArray_Dims* permute) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.transpose` (*self*, *permute*). Permute the axes of the ndarray object *self* according to the data structure *permute* and return the result. If *permute* is ``NULL``, then the resulting array has its axes reversed. For example if *self* has shape :math:`10\times20\times30`, and *permute* ``.ptr`` is (0,2,1) the shape of the result is :math:`10\times30\times20.` If *permute* is ``NULL``, the shape of the result is :math:`30\times20\times10.` .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Flatten(PyArrayObject* self, NPY_ORDER order) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.flatten` (*self*, *order*). Return a 1-d copy of the array. If *order* is :cdata:`NPY_FORTRANORDER` the elements are scanned out in Fortran order (first-dimension varies the fastest). If *order* is :cdata:`NPY_CORDER`, the elements of ``self`` are scanned in C-order (last dimension varies the fastest). If *order* :cdata:`NPY_ANYORDER`, then the result of :cfunc:`PyArray_ISFORTRAN` (*self*) is used to determine which order to flatten. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Ravel(PyArrayObject* self, NPY_ORDER order) Equivalent to *self*.ravel(*order*). Same basic functionality as :cfunc:`PyArray_Flatten` (*self*, *order*) except if *order* is 0 and *self* is C-style contiguous, the shape is altered but no copy is performed. Item selection and manipulation ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_TakeFrom(PyArrayObject* self, PyObject* indices, int axis, PyArrayObject* ret, NPY_CLIPMODE clipmode) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.take` (*self*, *indices*, *axis*, *ret*, *clipmode*) except *axis* =None in Python is obtained by setting *axis* = :cdata:`NPY_MAXDIMS` in C. Extract the items from self indicated by the integer-valued *indices* along the given *axis.* The clipmode argument can be :cdata:`NPY_RAISE`, :cdata:`NPY_WRAP`, or :cdata:`NPY_CLIP` to indicate what to do with out-of-bound indices. The *ret* argument can specify an output array rather than having one created internally. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_PutTo(PyArrayObject* self, PyObject* values, PyObject* indices, NPY_CLIPMODE clipmode) Equivalent to *self*.put(*values*, *indices*, *clipmode* ). Put *values* into *self* at the corresponding (flattened) *indices*. If *values* is too small it will be repeated as necessary. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_PutMask(PyArrayObject* self, PyObject* values, PyObject* mask) Place the *values* in *self* wherever corresponding positions (using a flattened context) in *mask* are true. The *mask* and *self* arrays must have the same total number of elements. If *values* is too small, it will be repeated as necessary. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Repeat(PyArrayObject* self, PyObject* op, int axis) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.repeat` (*self*, *op*, *axis*). Copy the elements of *self*, *op* times along the given *axis*. Either *op* is a scalar integer or a sequence of length *self* ->dimensions[ *axis* ] indicating how many times to repeat each item along the axis. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Choose(PyArrayObject* self, PyObject* op, PyArrayObject* ret, NPY_CLIPMODE clipmode) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.choose` (*self*, *op*, *ret*, *clipmode*). Create a new array by selecting elements from the sequence of arrays in *op* based on the integer values in *self*. The arrays must all be broadcastable to the same shape and the entries in *self* should be between 0 and len(*op*). The output is placed in *ret* unless it is ``NULL`` in which case a new output is created. The *clipmode* argument determines behavior for when entries in *self* are not between 0 and len(*op*). .. cvar:: NPY_RAISE raise a ValueError; .. cvar:: NPY_WRAP wrap values < 0 by adding len(*op*) and values >=len(*op*) by subtracting len(*op*) until they are in range; .. cvar:: NPY_CLIP all values are clipped to the region [0, len(*op*) ). .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Sort(PyArrayObject* self, int axis) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.sort` (*self*, *axis*). Return an array with the items of *self* sorted along *axis*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_ArgSort(PyArrayObject* self, int axis) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.argsort` (*self*, *axis*). Return an array of indices such that selection of these indices along the given ``axis`` would return a sorted version of *self*. If *self* ->descr is a data-type with fields defined, then self->descr->names is used to determine the sort order. A comparison where the first field is equal will use the second field and so on. To alter the sort order of a record array, create a new data-type with a different order of names and construct a view of the array with that new data-type. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_LexSort(PyObject* sort_keys, int axis) Given a sequence of arrays (*sort_keys*) of the same shape, return an array of indices (similar to :cfunc:`PyArray_ArgSort` (...)) that would sort the arrays lexicographically. A lexicographic sort specifies that when two keys are found to be equal, the order is based on comparison of subsequent keys. A merge sort (which leaves equal entries unmoved) is required to be defined for the types. The sort is accomplished by sorting the indices first using the first *sort_key* and then using the second *sort_key* and so forth. This is equivalent to the lexsort(*sort_keys*, *axis*) Python command. Because of the way the merge-sort works, be sure to understand the order the *sort_keys* must be in (reversed from the order you would use when comparing two elements). If these arrays are all collected in a record array, then :cfunc:`PyArray_Sort` (...) can also be used to sort the array directly. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_SearchSorted(PyArrayObject* self, PyObject* values) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.searchsorted` (*self*, *values*). Assuming *self* is a 1-d array in ascending order representing bin boundaries then the output is an array the same shape as *values* of bin numbers, giving the bin into which each item in *values* would be placed. No checking is done on whether or not self is in ascending order. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Diagonal(PyArrayObject* self, int offset, int axis1, int axis2) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.diagonal` (*self*, *offset*, *axis1*, *axis2* ). Return the *offset* diagonals of the 2-d arrays defined by *axis1* and *axis2*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Nonzero(PyArrayObject* self) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.nonzero` (*self*). Returns a tuple of index arrays that select elements of *self* that are nonzero. If (nd= :cfunc:`PyArray_NDIM` ( ``self`` ))==1, then a single index array is returned. The index arrays have data type :cdata:`NPY_INTP`. If a tuple is returned (nd :math:`\neq` 1), then its length is nd. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Compress(PyArrayObject* self, PyObject* condition, int axis, PyArrayObject* out) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.compress` (*self*, *condition*, *axis* ). Return the elements along *axis* corresponding to elements of *condition* that are true. Calculation ^^^^^^^^^^^ .. tip:: Pass in :cdata:`NPY_MAXDIMS` for axis in order to achieve the same effect that is obtained by passing in *axis* = :const:`None` in Python (treating the array as a 1-d array). .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_ArgMax(PyArrayObject* self, int axis) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.argmax` (*self*, *axis*). Return the index of the largest element of *self* along *axis*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_ArgMin(PyArrayObject* self, int axis) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.argmin` (*self*, *axis*). Return the index of the smallest element of *self* along *axis*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Max(PyArrayObject* self, int axis, PyArrayObject* out) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.max` (*self*, *axis*). Return the largest element of *self* along the given *axis*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Min(PyArrayObject* self, int axis, PyArrayObject* out) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.min` (*self*, *axis*). Return the smallest element of *self* along the given *axis*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Ptp(PyArrayObject* self, int axis, PyArrayObject* out) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.ptp` (*self*, *axis*). Return the difference between the largest element of *self* along *axis* and the smallest element of *self* along *axis*. .. note:: The rtype argument specifies the data-type the reduction should take place over. This is important if the data-type of the array is not "large" enough to handle the output. By default, all integer data-types are made at least as large as :cdata:`NPY_LONG` for the "add" and "multiply" ufuncs (which form the basis for mean, sum, cumsum, prod, and cumprod functions). .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Mean(PyArrayObject* self, int axis, int rtype, PyArrayObject* out) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.mean` (*self*, *axis*, *rtype*). Returns the mean of the elements along the given *axis*, using the enumerated type *rtype* as the data type to sum in. Default sum behavior is obtained using :cdata:`PyArray_NOTYPE` for *rtype*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Trace(PyArrayObject* self, int offset, int axis1, int axis2, int rtype, PyArrayObject* out) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.trace` (*self*, *offset*, *axis1*, *axis2*, *rtype*). Return the sum (using *rtype* as the data type of summation) over the *offset* diagonal elements of the 2-d arrays defined by *axis1* and *axis2* variables. A positive offset chooses diagonals above the main diagonal. A negative offset selects diagonals below the main diagonal. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Clip(PyArrayObject* self, PyObject* min, PyObject* max) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.clip` (*self*, *min*, *max*). Clip an array, *self*, so that values larger than *max* are fixed to *max* and values less than *min* are fixed to *min*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Conjugate(PyArrayObject* self) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.conjugate` (*self*). Return the complex conjugate of *self*. If *self* is not of complex data type, then return *self* with an reference. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Round(PyArrayObject* self, int decimals, PyArrayObject* out) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.round` (*self*, *decimals*, *out*). Returns the array with elements rounded to the nearest decimal place. The decimal place is defined as the :math:`10^{-\textrm{decimals}}` digit so that negative *decimals* cause rounding to the nearest 10's, 100's, etc. If out is ``NULL``, then the output array is created, otherwise the output is placed in *out* which must be the correct size and type. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Std(PyArrayObject* self, int axis, int rtype, PyArrayObject* out) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.std` (*self*, *axis*, *rtype*). Return the standard deviation using data along *axis* converted to data type *rtype*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Sum(PyArrayObject* self, int axis, int rtype, PyArrayObject* out) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.sum` (*self*, *axis*, *rtype*). Return 1-d vector sums of elements in *self* along *axis*. Perform the sum after converting data to data type *rtype*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_CumSum(PyArrayObject* self, int axis, int rtype, PyArrayObject* out) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.cumsum` (*self*, *axis*, *rtype*). Return cumulative 1-d sums of elements in *self* along *axis*. Perform the sum after converting data to data type *rtype*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Prod(PyArrayObject* self, int axis, int rtype, PyArrayObject* out) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.prod` (*self*, *axis*, *rtype*). Return 1-d products of elements in *self* along *axis*. Perform the product after converting data to data type *rtype*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_CumProd(PyArrayObject* self, int axis, int rtype, PyArrayObject* out) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.cumprod` (*self*, *axis*, *rtype*). Return 1-d cumulative products of elements in ``self`` along ``axis``. Perform the product after converting data to data type ``rtype``. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_All(PyArrayObject* self, int axis, PyArrayObject* out) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.all` (*self*, *axis*). Return an array with True elements for every 1-d sub-array of ``self`` defined by ``axis`` in which all the elements are True. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Any(PyArrayObject* self, int axis, PyArrayObject* out) Equivalent to :meth:`ndarray.any` (*self*, *axis*). Return an array with True elements for every 1-d sub-array of *self* defined by *axis* in which any of the elements are True. Functions --------- Array Functions ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: int PyArray_AsCArray(PyObject** op, void* ptr, npy_intp* dims, int nd, int typenum, int itemsize) Sometimes it is useful to access a multidimensional array as a C-style multi-dimensional array so that algorithms can be implemented using C's a[i][j][k] syntax. This routine returns a pointer, *ptr*, that simulates this kind of C-style array, for 1-, 2-, and 3-d ndarrays. :param op: The address to any Python object. This Python object will be replaced with an equivalent well-behaved, C-style contiguous, ndarray of the given data type specifice by the last two arguments. Be sure that stealing a reference in this way to the input object is justified. :param ptr: The address to a (ctype* for 1-d, ctype** for 2-d or ctype*** for 3-d) variable where ctype is the equivalent C-type for the data type. On return, *ptr* will be addressable as a 1-d, 2-d, or 3-d array. :param dims: An output array that contains the shape of the array object. This array gives boundaries on any looping that will take place. :param nd: The dimensionality of the array (1, 2, or 3). :param typenum: The expected data type of the array. :param itemsize: This argument is only needed when *typenum* represents a flexible array. Otherwise it should be 0. .. note:: The simulation of a C-style array is not complete for 2-d and 3-d arrays. For example, the simulated arrays of pointers cannot be passed to subroutines expecting specific, statically-defined 2-d and 3-d arrays. To pass to functions requiring those kind of inputs, you must statically define the required array and copy data. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_Free(PyObject* op, void* ptr) Must be called with the same objects and memory locations returned from :cfunc:`PyArray_AsCArray` (...). This function cleans up memory that otherwise would get leaked. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Concatenate(PyObject* obj, int axis) Join the sequence of objects in *obj* together along *axis* into a single array. If the dimensions or types are not compatible an error is raised. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_InnerProduct(PyObject* obj1, PyObject* obj2) Compute a product-sum over the last dimensions of *obj1* and *obj2*. Neither array is conjugated. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_MatrixProduct(PyObject* obj1, PyObject* obj) Compute a product-sum over the last dimension of *obj1* and the second-to-last dimension of *obj2*. For 2-d arrays this is a matrix-product. Neither array is conjugated. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_CopyAndTranspose(PyObject \* op) A specialized copy and transpose function that works only for 2-d arrays. The returned array is a transposed copy of *op*. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Correlate(PyObject* op1, PyObject* op2, int mode) Compute the 1-d correlation of the 1-d arrays *op1* and *op2* . The correlation is computed at each output point by multiplying *op1* by a shifted version of *op2* and summing the result. As a result of the shift, needed values outside of the defined range of *op1* and *op2* are interpreted as zero. The mode determines how many shifts to return: 0 - return only shifts that did not need to assume zero- values; 1 - return an object that is the same size as *op1*, 2 - return all possible shifts (any overlap at all is accepted). .. rubric:: Notes This does not compute the usual correlation: if op2 is larger than op1, the arguments are swapped, and the conjugate is never taken for complex arrays. See PyArray_Correlate2 for the usual signal processing correlation. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Correlate2(PyObject* op1, PyObject* op2, int mode) Updated version of PyArray_Correlate, which uses the usual definition of correlation for 1d arrays. The correlation is computed at each output point by multiplying *op1* by a shifted version of *op2* and summing the result. As a result of the shift, needed values outside of the defined range of *op1* and *op2* are interpreted as zero. The mode determines how many shifts to return: 0 - return only shifts that did not need to assume zero- values; 1 - return an object that is the same size as *op1*, 2 - return all possible shifts (any overlap at all is accepted). .. rubric:: Notes Compute z as follows:: z[k] = sum_n op1[n] * conj(op2[n+k]) .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Where(PyObject* condition, PyObject* x, PyObject* y) If both ``x`` and ``y`` are ``NULL``, then return :cfunc:`PyArray_Nonzero` (*condition*). Otherwise, both *x* and *y* must be given and the object returned is shaped like *condition* and has elements of *x* and *y* where *condition* is respectively True or False. Other functions ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: Bool PyArray_CheckStrides(int elsize, int nd, npy_intp numbytes, npy_intp* dims, npy_intp* newstrides) Determine if *newstrides* is a strides array consistent with the memory of an *nd* -dimensional array with shape ``dims`` and element-size, *elsize*. The *newstrides* array is checked to see if jumping by the provided number of bytes in each direction will ever mean jumping more than *numbytes* which is the assumed size of the available memory segment. If *numbytes* is 0, then an equivalent *numbytes* is computed assuming *nd*, *dims*, and *elsize* refer to a single-segment array. Return :cdata:`NPY_TRUE` if *newstrides* is acceptable, otherwise return :cdata:`NPY_FALSE`. .. cfunction:: npy_intp PyArray_MultiplyList(npy_intp* seq, int n) .. cfunction:: int PyArray_MultiplyIntList(int* seq, int n) Both of these routines multiply an *n* -length array, *seq*, of integers and return the result. No overflow checking is performed. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_CompareLists(npy_intp* l1, npy_intp* l2, int n) Given two *n* -length arrays of integers, *l1*, and *l2*, return 1 if the lists are identical; otherwise, return 0. Array Iterators --------------- An array iterator is a simple way to access the elements of an N-dimensional array quickly and efficiently. Section `2 <#sec-array-iterator>`__ provides more description and examples of this useful approach to looping over an array. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_IterNew(PyObject* arr) Return an array iterator object from the array, *arr*. This is equivalent to *arr*. **flat**. The array iterator object makes it easy to loop over an N-dimensional non-contiguous array in C-style contiguous fashion. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_IterAllButAxis(PyObject* arr, int \*axis) Return an array iterator that will iterate over all axes but the one provided in *\*axis*. The returned iterator cannot be used with :cfunc:`PyArray_ITER_GOTO1D`. This iterator could be used to write something similar to what ufuncs do wherein the loop over the largest axis is done by a separate sub-routine. If *\*axis* is negative then *\*axis* will be set to the axis having the smallest stride and that axis will be used. .. cfunction:: PyObject *PyArray_BroadcastToShape(PyObject* arr, npy_intp *dimensions, int nd) Return an array iterator that is broadcast to iterate as an array of the shape provided by *dimensions* and *nd*. .. cfunction:: int PyArrayIter_Check(PyObject* op) Evaluates true if *op* is an array iterator (or instance of a subclass of the array iterator type). .. cfunction:: void PyArray_ITER_RESET(PyObject* iterator) Reset an *iterator* to the beginning of the array. .. cfunction:: void PyArray_ITER_NEXT(PyObject* iterator) Incremement the index and the dataptr members of the *iterator* to point to the next element of the array. If the array is not (C-style) contiguous, also increment the N-dimensional coordinates array. .. cfunction:: void *PyArray_ITER_DATA(PyObject* iterator) A pointer to the current element of the array. .. cfunction:: void PyArray_ITER_GOTO(PyObject* iterator, npy_intp* destination) Set the *iterator* index, dataptr, and coordinates members to the location in the array indicated by the N-dimensional c-array, *destination*, which must have size at least *iterator* ->nd_m1+1. .. cfunction:: PyArray_ITER_GOTO1D(PyObject* iterator, npy_intp index) Set the *iterator* index and dataptr to the location in the array indicated by the integer *index* which points to an element in the C-styled flattened array. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_ITER_NOTDONE(PyObject* iterator) Evaluates TRUE as long as the iterator has not looped through all of the elements, otherwise it evaluates FALSE. Broadcasting (multi-iterators) ------------------------------ .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_MultiIterNew(int num, ...) A simplified interface to broadcasting. This function takes the number of arrays to broadcast and then *num* extra ( :ctype:`PyObject *` ) arguments. These arguments are converted to arrays and iterators are created. :cfunc:`PyArray_Broadcast` is then called on the resulting multi-iterator object. The resulting, broadcasted mult-iterator object is then returned. A broadcasted operation can then be performed using a single loop and using :cfunc:`PyArray_MultiIter_NEXT` (..) .. cfunction:: void PyArray_MultiIter_RESET(PyObject* multi) Reset all the iterators to the beginning in a multi-iterator object, *multi*. .. cfunction:: void PyArray_MultiIter_NEXT(PyObject* multi) Advance each iterator in a multi-iterator object, *multi*, to its next (broadcasted) element. .. cfunction:: void *PyArray_MultiIter_DATA(PyObject* multi, int i) Return the data-pointer of the *i* :math:`^{\textrm{th}}` iterator in a multi-iterator object. .. cfunction:: void PyArray_MultiIter_NEXTi(PyObject* multi, int i) Advance the pointer of only the *i* :math:`^{\textrm{th}}` iterator. .. cfunction:: void PyArray_MultiIter_GOTO(PyObject* multi, npy_intp* destination) Advance each iterator in a multi-iterator object, *multi*, to the given :math:`N` -dimensional *destination* where :math:`N` is the number of dimensions in the broadcasted array. .. cfunction:: void PyArray_MultiIter_GOTO1D(PyObject* multi, npy_intp index) Advance each iterator in a multi-iterator object, *multi*, to the corresponding location of the *index* into the flattened broadcasted array. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_MultiIter_NOTDONE(PyObject* multi) Evaluates TRUE as long as the multi-iterator has not looped through all of the elements (of the broadcasted result), otherwise it evaluates FALSE. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_Broadcast(PyArrayMultiIterObject* mit) This function encapsulates the broadcasting rules. The *mit* container should already contain iterators for all the arrays that need to be broadcast. On return, these iterators will be adjusted so that iteration over each simultaneously will accomplish the broadcasting. A negative number is returned if an error occurs. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_RemoveSmallest(PyArrayMultiIterObject* mit) This function takes a multi-iterator object that has been previously "broadcasted," finds the dimension with the smallest "sum of strides" in the broadcasted result and adapts all the iterators so as not to iterate over that dimension (by effectively making them of length-1 in that dimension). The corresponding dimension is returned unless *mit* ->nd is 0, then -1 is returned. This function is useful for constructing ufunc-like routines that broadcast their inputs correctly and then call a strided 1-d version of the routine as the inner-loop. This 1-d version is usually optimized for speed and for this reason the loop should be performed over the axis that won't require large stride jumps. Neighborhood iterator --------------------- .. versionadded:: 1.4.0 Neighborhood iterators are subclasses of the iterator object, and can be used to iter over a neighborhood of a point. For example, you may want to iterate over every voxel of a 3d image, and for every such voxel, iterate over an hypercube. Neighborhood iterator automatically handle boundaries, thus making this kind of code much easier to write than manual boundaries handling, at the cost of a slight overhead. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_NeighborhoodIterNew(PyArrayIterObject* iter, npy_intp bounds, int mode, PyArrayObject* fill_value) This function creates a new neighborhood iterator from an existing iterator. The neighborhood will be computed relatively to the position currently pointed by *iter*, the bounds define the shape of the neighborhood iterator, and the mode argument the boundaries handling mode. The *bounds* argument is expected to be a (2 * iter->ao->nd) arrays, such as the range bound[2*i]->bounds[2*i+1] defines the range where to walk for dimension i (both bounds are included in the walked coordinates). The bounds should be ordered for each dimension (bounds[2*i] <= bounds[2*i+1]). The mode should be one of: * NPY_NEIGHBORHOOD_ITER_ZERO_PADDING: zero padding. Outside bounds values will be 0. * NPY_NEIGHBORHOOD_ITER_ONE_PADDING: one padding, Outside bounds values will be 1. * NPY_NEIGHBORHOOD_ITER_CONSTANT_PADDING: constant padding. Outside bounds values will be the same as the first item in fill_value. * NPY_NEIGHBORHOOD_ITER_MIRROR_PADDING: mirror padding. Outside bounds values will be as if the array items were mirrored. For example, for the array [1, 2, 3, 4], x[-2] will be 2, x[-2] will be 1, x[4] will be 4, x[5] will be 1, etc... * NPY_NEIGHBORHOOD_ITER_CIRCULAR_PADDING: circular padding. Outside bounds values will be as if the array was repeated. For example, for the array [1, 2, 3, 4], x[-2] will be 3, x[-2] will be 4, x[4] will be 1, x[5] will be 2, etc... If the mode is constant filling (NPY_NEIGHBORHOOD_ITER_CONSTANT_PADDING), fill_value should point to an array object which holds the filling value (the first item will be the filling value if the array contains more than one item). For other cases, fill_value may be NULL. - The iterator holds a reference to iter - Return NULL on failure (in which case the reference count of iter is not changed) - iter itself can be a Neighborhood iterator: this can be useful for .e.g automatic boundaries handling - the object returned by this function should be safe to use as a normal iterator - If the position of iter is changed, any subsequent call to PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_Next is undefined behavior, and PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_Reset must be called. .. code-block:: c PyArrayIterObject \*iter; PyArrayNeighborhoodIterObject \*neigh_iter; iter = PyArray_IterNew(x); //For a 3x3 kernel bounds = {-1, 1, -1, 1}; neigh_iter = (PyArrayNeighborhoodIterObject*)PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_New( iter, bounds, NPY_NEIGHBORHOOD_ITER_ZERO_PADDING, NULL); for(i = 0; i < iter->size; ++i) { for (j = 0; j < neigh_iter->size; ++j) { // Walk around the item currently pointed by iter->dataptr PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_Next(neigh_iter); } // Move to the next point of iter PyArrayIter_Next(iter); PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_Reset(neigh_iter); } .. cfunction:: int PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_Reset(PyArrayNeighborhoodIterObject* iter) Reset the iterator position to the first point of the neighborhood. This should be called whenever the iter argument given at PyArray_NeighborhoodIterObject is changed (see example) .. cfunction:: int PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_Next(PyArrayNeighborhoodIterObject* iter) After this call, iter->dataptr points to the next point of the neighborhood. Calling this function after every point of the neighborhood has been visited is undefined. Array Scalars ------------- .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Return(PyArrayObject* arr) This function checks to see if *arr* is a 0-dimensional array and, if so, returns the appropriate array scalar. It should be used whenever 0-dimensional arrays could be returned to Python. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_Scalar(void* data, PyArray_Descr* dtype, PyObject* itemsize) Return an array scalar object of the given enumerated *typenum* and *itemsize* by **copying** from memory pointed to by *data* . If *swap* is nonzero then this function will byteswap the data if appropriate to the data-type because array scalars are always in correct machine-byte order. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_ToScalar(void* data, PyArrayObject* arr) Return an array scalar object of the type and itemsize indicated by the array object *arr* copied from the memory pointed to by *data* and swapping if the data in *arr* is not in machine byte-order. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_FromScalar(PyObject* scalar, PyArray_Descr* outcode) Return a 0-dimensional array of type determined by *outcode* from *scalar* which should be an array-scalar object. If *outcode* is NULL, then the type is determined from *scalar*. .. cfunction:: void PyArray_ScalarAsCtype(PyObject* scalar, void* ctypeptr) Return in *ctypeptr* a pointer to the actual value in an array scalar. There is no error checking so *scalar* must be an array-scalar object, and ctypeptr must have enough space to hold the correct type. For flexible-sized types, a pointer to the data is copied into the memory of *ctypeptr*, for all other types, the actual data is copied into the address pointed to by *ctypeptr*. .. cfunction:: void PyArray_CastScalarToCtype(PyObject* scalar, void* ctypeptr, PyArray_Descr* outcode) Return the data (cast to the data type indicated by *outcode*) from the array-scalar, *scalar*, into the memory pointed to by *ctypeptr* (which must be large enough to handle the incoming memory). .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_TypeObjectFromType(int type) Returns a scalar type-object from a type-number, *type* . Equivalent to :cfunc:`PyArray_DescrFromType` (*type*)->typeobj except for reference counting and error-checking. Returns a new reference to the typeobject on success or ``NULL`` on failure. .. cfunction:: NPY_SCALARKIND PyArray_ScalarKind(int typenum, PyArrayObject** arr) Return the kind of scalar represented by *typenum* and the array in *\*arr* (if *arr* is not ``NULL`` ). The array is assumed to be rank-0 and only used if *typenum* represents a signed integer. If *arr* is not ``NULL`` and the first element is negative then :cdata:`NPY_INTNEG_SCALAR` is returned, otherwise :cdata:`NPY_INTPOS_SCALAR` is returned. The possible return values are :cdata:`NPY_{kind}_SCALAR` where ``{kind}`` can be **INTPOS**, **INTNEG**, **FLOAT**, **COMPLEX**, **BOOL**, or **OBJECT**. :cdata:`NPY_NOSCALAR` is also an enumerated value :ctype:`NPY_SCALARKIND` variables can take on. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_CanCoerceScalar(char thistype, char neededtype, NPY_SCALARKIND scalar) Implements the rules for scalar coercion. Scalars are only silently coerced from thistype to neededtype if this function returns nonzero. If scalar is :cdata:`NPY_NOSCALAR`, then this function is equivalent to :cfunc:`PyArray_CanCastSafely`. The rule is that scalars of the same KIND can be coerced into arrays of the same KIND. This rule means that high-precision scalars will never cause low-precision arrays of the same KIND to be upcast. Data-type descriptors --------------------- .. warning:: Data-type objects must be reference counted so be aware of the action on the data-type reference of different C-API calls. The standard rule is that when a data-type object is returned it is a new reference. Functions that take :ctype:`PyArray_Descr *` objects and return arrays steal references to the data-type their inputs unless otherwise noted. Therefore, you must own a reference to any data-type object used as input to such a function. .. cfunction:: int PyArrayDescr_Check(PyObject* obj) Evaluates as true if *obj* is a data-type object ( :ctype:`PyArray_Descr *` ). .. cfunction:: PyArray_Descr* PyArray_DescrNew(PyArray_Descr* obj) Return a new data-type object copied from *obj* (the fields reference is just updated so that the new object points to the same fields dictionary if any). .. cfunction:: PyArray_Descr* PyArray_DescrNewFromType(int typenum) Create a new data-type object from the built-in (or user-registered) data-type indicated by *typenum*. All builtin types should not have any of their fields changed. This creates a new copy of the :ctype:`PyArray_Descr` structure so that you can fill it in as appropriate. This function is especially needed for flexible data-types which need to have a new elsize member in order to be meaningful in array construction. .. cfunction:: PyArray_Descr* PyArray_DescrNewByteorder(PyArray_Descr* obj, char newendian) Create a new data-type object with the byteorder set according to *newendian*. All referenced data-type objects (in subdescr and fields members of the data-type object) are also changed (recursively). If a byteorder of :cdata:`NPY_IGNORE` is encountered it is left alone. If newendian is :cdata:`NPY_SWAP`, then all byte-orders are swapped. Other valid newendian values are :cdata:`NPY_NATIVE`, :cdata:`NPY_LITTLE`, and :cdata:`NPY_BIG` which all cause the returned data-typed descriptor (and all it's referenced data-type descriptors) to have the corresponding byte- order. .. cfunction:: PyArray_Descr* PyArray_DescrFromObject(PyObject* op, PyArray_Descr* mintype) Determine an appropriate data-type object from the object *op* (which should be a "nested" sequence object) and the minimum data-type descriptor mintype (which can be ``NULL`` ). Similar in behavior to array(*op*).dtype. Don't confuse this function with :cfunc:`PyArray_DescrConverter`. This function essentially looks at all the objects in the (nested) sequence and determines the data-type from the elements it finds. .. cfunction:: PyArray_Descr* PyArray_DescrFromScalar(PyObject* scalar) Return a data-type object from an array-scalar object. No checking is done to be sure that *scalar* is an array scalar. If no suitable data-type can be determined, then a data-type of :cdata:`NPY_OBJECT` is returned by default. .. cfunction:: PyArray_Descr* PyArray_DescrFromType(int typenum) Returns a data-type object corresponding to *typenum*. The *typenum* can be one of the enumerated types, a character code for one of the enumerated types, or a user-defined type. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_DescrConverter(PyObject* obj, PyArray_Descr** dtype) Convert any compatible Python object, *obj*, to a data-type object in *dtype*. A large number of Python objects can be converted to data-type objects. See :ref:`arrays.dtypes` for a complete description. This version of the converter converts None objects to a :cdata:`NPY_DEFAULT_TYPE` data-type object. This function can be used with the "O&" character code in :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` processing. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_DescrConverter2(PyObject* obj, PyArray_Descr** dtype) Convert any compatible Python object, *obj*, to a data-type object in *dtype*. This version of the converter converts None objects so that the returned data-type is ``NULL``. This function can also be used with the "O&" character in PyArg_ParseTuple processing. .. cfunction:: int Pyarray_DescrAlignConverter(PyObject* obj, PyArray_Descr** dtype) Like :cfunc:`PyArray_DescrConverter` except it aligns C-struct-like objects on word-boundaries as the compiler would. .. cfunction:: int Pyarray_DescrAlignConverter2(PyObject* obj, PyArray_Descr** dtype) Like :cfunc:`PyArray_DescrConverter2` except it aligns C-struct-like objects on word-boundaries as the compiler would. .. cfunction:: PyObject *PyArray_FieldNames(PyObject* dict) Take the fields dictionary, *dict*, such as the one attached to a data-type object and construct an ordered-list of field names such as is stored in the names field of the :ctype:`PyArray_Descr` object. Conversion Utilities -------------------- For use with :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ All of these functions can be used in :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` (...) with the "O&" format specifier to automatically convert any Python object to the required C-object. All of these functions return :cdata:`NPY_SUCCEED` if successful and :cdata:`NPY_FAIL` if not. The first argument to all of these function is a Python object. The second argument is the **address** of the C-type to convert the Python object to. .. warning:: Be sure to understand what steps you should take to manage the memory when using these conversion functions. These functions can require freeing memory, and/or altering the reference counts of specific objects based on your use. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_Converter(PyObject* obj, PyObject** address) Convert any Python object to a :ctype:`PyArrayObject`. If :cfunc:`PyArray_Check` (*obj*) is TRUE then its reference count is incremented and a reference placed in *address*. If *obj* is not an array, then convert it to an array using :cfunc:`PyArray_FromAny` . No matter what is returned, you must DECREF the object returned by this routine in *address* when you are done with it. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_OutputConverter(PyObject* obj, PyArrayObject** address) This is a default converter for output arrays given to functions. If *obj* is :cdata:`Py_None` or ``NULL``, then *\*address* will be ``NULL`` but the call will succeed. If :cfunc:`PyArray_Check` ( *obj*) is TRUE then it is returned in *\*address* without incrementing its reference count. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_IntpConverter(PyObject* obj, PyArray_Dims* seq) Convert any Python sequence, *obj*, smaller than :cdata:`NPY_MAXDIMS` to a C-array of :ctype:`npy_intp`. The Python object could also be a single number. The *seq* variable is a pointer to a structure with members ptr and len. On successful return, *seq* ->ptr contains a pointer to memory that must be freed to avoid a memory leak. The restriction on memory size allows this converter to be conveniently used for sequences intended to be interpreted as array shapes. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_BufferConverter(PyObject* obj, PyArray_Chunk* buf) Convert any Python object, *obj*, with a (single-segment) buffer interface to a variable with members that detail the object's use of its chunk of memory. The *buf* variable is a pointer to a structure with base, ptr, len, and flags members. The :ctype:`PyArray_Chunk` structure is binary compatibile with the Python's buffer object (through its len member on 32-bit platforms and its ptr member on 64-bit platforms or in Python 2.5). On return, the base member is set to *obj* (or its base if *obj* is already a buffer object pointing to another object). If you need to hold on to the memory be sure to INCREF the base member. The chunk of memory is pointed to by *buf* ->ptr member and has length *buf* ->len. The flags member of *buf* is :cdata:`NPY_BEHAVED_RO` with the :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE` flag set if *obj* has a writeable buffer interface. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_AxisConverter(PyObject \* obj, int* axis) Convert a Python object, *obj*, representing an axis argument to the proper value for passing to the functions that take an integer axis. Specifically, if *obj* is None, *axis* is set to :cdata:`NPY_MAXDIMS` which is interpreted correctly by the C-API functions that take axis arguments. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_BoolConverter(PyObject* obj, Bool* value) Convert any Python object, *obj*, to :cdata:`NPY_TRUE` or :cdata:`NPY_FALSE`, and place the result in *value*. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_ByteorderConverter(PyObject* obj, char* endian) Convert Python strings into the corresponding byte-order character: '>', '<', 's', '=', or '\|'. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_SortkindConverter(PyObject* obj, NPY_SORTKIND* sort) Convert Python strings into one of :cdata:`NPY_QUICKSORT` (starts with 'q' or 'Q') , :cdata:`NPY_HEAPSORT` (starts with 'h' or 'H'), or :cdata:`NPY_MERGESORT` (starts with 'm' or 'M'). .. cfunction:: int PyArray_SearchsideConverter(PyObject* obj, NPY_SEARCHSIDE* side) Convert Python strings into one of :cdata:`NPY_SEARCHLEFT` (starts with 'l' or 'L'), or :cdata:`NPY_SEARCHRIGHT` (starts with 'r' or 'R'). Other conversions ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: int PyArray_PyIntAsInt(PyObject* op) Convert all kinds of Python objects (including arrays and array scalars) to a standard integer. On error, -1 is returned and an exception set. You may find useful the macro: .. code-block:: c #define error_converting(x) (((x) == -1) && PyErr_Occurred() .. cfunction:: npy_intp PyArray_PyIntAsIntp(PyObject* op) Convert all kinds of Python objects (including arrays and array scalars) to a (platform-pointer-sized) integer. On error, -1 is returned and an exception set. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_IntpFromSequence(PyObject* seq, npy_intp* vals, int maxvals) Convert any Python sequence (or single Python number) passed in as *seq* to (up to) *maxvals* pointer-sized integers and place them in the *vals* array. The sequence can be smaller then *maxvals* as the number of converted objects is returned. .. cfunction:: int PyArray_TypestrConvert(int itemsize, int gentype) Convert typestring characters (with *itemsize*) to basic enumerated data types. The typestring character corresponding to signed and unsigned integers, floating point numbers, and complex-floating point numbers are recognized and converted. Other values of gentype are returned. This function can be used to convert, for example, the string 'f4' to :cdata:`NPY_FLOAT32`. Miscellaneous ------------- Importing the API ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In order to make use of the C-API from another extension module, the ``import_array`` () command must be used. If the extension module is self-contained in a single .c file, then that is all that needs to be done. If, however, the extension module involves multiple files where the C-API is needed then some additional steps must be taken. .. cfunction:: void import_array(void) This function must be called in the initialization section of a module that will make use of the C-API. It imports the module where the function-pointer table is stored and points the correct variable to it. .. cmacro:: PY_ARRAY_UNIQUE_SYMBOL .. cmacro:: NO_IMPORT_ARRAY Using these #defines you can use the C-API in multiple files for a single extension module. In each file you must define :cmacro:`PY_ARRAY_UNIQUE_SYMBOL` to some name that will hold the C-API (*e.g.* myextension_ARRAY_API). This must be done **before** including the numpy/arrayobject.h file. In the module intialization routine you call ``import_array`` (). In addition, in the files that do not have the module initialization sub_routine define :cmacro:`NO_IMPORT_ARRAY` prior to including numpy/arrayobject.h. Suppose I have two files coolmodule.c and coolhelper.c which need to be compiled and linked into a single extension module. Suppose coolmodule.c contains the required initcool module initialization function (with the import_array() function called). Then, coolmodule.c would have at the top: .. code-block:: c #define PY_ARRAY_UNIQUE_SYMBOL cool_ARRAY_API #include numpy/arrayobject.h On the other hand, coolhelper.c would contain at the top: .. code-block:: c #define PY_ARRAY_UNIQUE_SYMBOL cool_ARRAY_API #define NO_IMPORT_ARRAY #include numpy/arrayobject.h Checking the API Version ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Because python extensions are not used in the same way as usual libraries on most platforms, some errors cannot be automatically detected at build time or even runtime. For example, if you build an extension using a function available only for numpy >= 1.3.0, and you import the extension later with numpy 1.2, you will not get an import error (but almost certainly a segmentation fault when calling the function). That's why several functions are provided to check for numpy versions. The macros :cdata:`NPY_VERSION` and :cdata:`NPY_FEATURE_VERSION` corresponds to the numpy version used to build the extension, whereas the versions returned by the functions PyArray_GetNDArrayCVersion and PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion corresponds to the runtime numpy's version. The rules for ABI and API compatibilities can be summarized as follows: * Whenever :cdata:`NPY_VERSION` != PyArray_GetNDArrayCVersion, the extension has to be recompiled (ABI incompatibility). * :cdata:`NPY_VERSION` == PyArray_GetNDArrayCVersion and :cdata:`NPY_FEATURE_VERSION` <= PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion means backward compatible changes. ABI incompatibility is automatically detected in every numpy's version. API incompatibility detection was added in numpy 1.4.0. If you want to supported many different numpy versions with one extension binary, you have to build your extension with the lowest NPY_FEATURE_VERSION as possible. .. cfunction:: unsigned int PyArray_GetNDArrayCVersion(void) This just returns the value :cdata:`NPY_VERSION`. :cdata:`NPY_VERSION` changes whenever a backward incompatible change at the ABI level. Because it is in the C-API, however, comparing the output of this function from the value defined in the current header gives a way to test if the C-API has changed thus requiring a re-compilation of extension modules that use the C-API. This is automatically checked in the function import_array. .. cfunction:: unsigned int PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion(void) .. versionadded:: 1.4.0 This just returns the value :cdata:`NPY_FEATURE_VERSION`. :cdata:`NPY_FEATURE_VERSION` changes whenever the API changes (e.g. a function is added). A changed value does not always require a recompile. Internal Flexibility ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: int PyArray_SetNumericOps(PyObject* dict) NumPy stores an internal table of Python callable objects that are used to implement arithmetic operations for arrays as well as certain array calculation methods. This function allows the user to replace any or all of these Python objects with their own versions. The keys of the dictionary, *dict*, are the named functions to replace and the paired value is the Python callable object to use. Care should be taken that the function used to replace an internal array operation does not itself call back to that internal array operation (unless you have designed the function to handle that), or an unchecked infinite recursion can result (possibly causing program crash). The key names that represent operations that can be replaced are: **add**, **subtract**, **multiply**, **divide**, **remainder**, **power**, **square**, **reciprocal**, **ones_like**, **sqrt**, **negative**, **absolute**, **invert**, **left_shift**, **right_shift**, **bitwise_and**, **bitwise_xor**, **bitwise_or**, **less**, **less_equal**, **equal**, **not_equal**, **greater**, **greater_equal**, **floor_divide**, **true_divide**, **logical_or**, **logical_and**, **floor**, **ceil**, **maximum**, **minimum**, **rint**. These functions are included here because they are used at least once in the array object's methods. The function returns -1 (without setting a Python Error) if one of the objects being assigned is not callable. .. cfunction:: PyObject* PyArray_GetNumericOps(void) Return a Python dictionary containing the callable Python objects stored in the the internal arithmetic operation table. The keys of this dictionary are given in the explanation for :cfunc:`PyArray_SetNumericOps`. .. cfunction:: void PyArray_SetStringFunction(PyObject* op, int repr) This function allows you to alter the tp_str and tp_repr methods of the array object to any Python function. Thus you can alter what happens for all arrays when str(arr) or repr(arr) is called from Python. The function to be called is passed in as *op*. If *repr* is non-zero, then this function will be called in response to repr(arr), otherwise the function will be called in response to str(arr). No check on whether or not *op* is callable is performed. The callable passed in to *op* should expect an array argument and should return a string to be printed. Memory management ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: char* PyDataMem_NEW(size_t nbytes) .. cfunction:: PyDataMem_FREE(char* ptr) .. cfunction:: char* PyDataMem_RENEW(void * ptr, size_t newbytes) Macros to allocate, free, and reallocate memory. These macros are used internally to create arrays. .. cfunction:: npy_intp* PyDimMem_NEW(nd) .. cfunction:: PyDimMem_FREE(npy_intp* ptr) .. cfunction:: npy_intp* PyDimMem_RENEW(npy_intp* ptr, npy_intp newnd) Macros to allocate, free, and reallocate dimension and strides memory. .. cfunction:: PyArray_malloc(nbytes) .. cfunction:: PyArray_free(ptr) .. cfunction:: PyArray_realloc(ptr, nbytes) These macros use different memory allocators, depending on the constant :cdata:`NPY_USE_PYMEM`. The system malloc is used when :cdata:`NPY_USE_PYMEM` is 0, if :cdata:`NPY_USE_PYMEM` is 1, then the Python memory allocator is used. Threading support ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ These macros are only meaningful if :cdata:`NPY_ALLOW_THREADS` evaluates True during compilation of the extension module. Otherwise, these macros are equivalent to whitespace. Python uses a single Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) for each Python process so that only a single thread may excecute at a time (even on multi-cpu machines). When calling out to a compiled function that may take time to compute (and does not have side-effects for other threads like updated global variables), the GIL should be released so that other Python threads can run while the time-consuming calculations are performed. This can be accomplished using two groups of macros. Typically, if one macro in a group is used in a code block, all of them must be used in the same code block. Currently, :cdata:`NPY_ALLOW_THREADS` is defined to the python-defined :cdata:`WITH_THREADS` constant unless the environment variable :cdata:`NPY_NOSMP` is set in which case :cdata:`NPY_ALLOW_THREADS` is defined to be 0. Group 1 """"""" This group is used to call code that may take some time but does not use any Python C-API calls. Thus, the GIL should be released during its calculation. .. cmacro:: NPY_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS Equivalent to :cmacro:`Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS` except it uses :cdata:`NPY_ALLOW_THREADS` to determine if the macro if replaced with white-space or not. .. cmacro:: NPY_END_ALLOW_THREADS Equivalent to :cmacro:`Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS` except it uses :cdata:`NPY_ALLOW_THREADS` to determine if the macro if replaced with white-space or not. .. cmacro:: NPY_BEGIN_THREADS_DEF Place in the variable declaration area. This macro sets up the variable needed for storing the Python state. .. cmacro:: NPY_BEGIN_THREADS Place right before code that does not need the Python interpreter (no Python C-API calls). This macro saves the Python state and releases the GIL. .. cmacro:: NPY_END_THREADS Place right after code that does not need the Python interpreter. This macro acquires the GIL and restores the Python state from the saved variable. .. cfunction:: NPY_BEGIN_THREADS_DESCR(PyArray_Descr *dtype) Useful to release the GIL only if *dtype* does not contain arbitrary Python objects which may need the Python interpreter during execution of the loop. Equivalent to .. cfunction:: NPY_END_THREADS_DESCR(PyArray_Descr *dtype) Useful to regain the GIL in situations where it was released using the BEGIN form of this macro. Group 2 """"""" This group is used to re-acquire the Python GIL after it has been released. For example, suppose the GIL has been released (using the previous calls), and then some path in the code (perhaps in a different subroutine) requires use of the Python C-API, then these macros are useful to acquire the GIL. These macros accomplish essentially a reverse of the previous three (acquire the LOCK saving what state it had) and then re-release it with the saved state. .. cmacro:: NPY_ALLOW_C_API_DEF Place in the variable declaration area to set up the necessary variable. .. cmacro:: NPY_ALLOW_C_API Place before code that needs to call the Python C-API (when it is known that the GIL has already been released). .. cmacro:: NPY_DISABLE_C_API Place after code that needs to call the Python C-API (to re-release the GIL). .. tip:: Never use semicolons after the threading support macros. Priority ^^^^^^^^ .. cvar:: NPY_PRIOIRTY Default priority for arrays. .. cvar:: NPY_SUBTYPE_PRIORITY Default subtype priority. .. cvar:: NPY_SCALAR_PRIORITY Default scalar priority (very small) .. cfunction:: double PyArray_GetPriority(PyObject* obj, double def) Return the :obj:`__array_priority__` attribute (converted to a double) of *obj* or *def* if no attribute of that name exists. Fast returns that avoid the attribute lookup are provided for objects of type :cdata:`PyArray_Type`. Default buffers ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cvar:: NPY_BUFSIZE Default size of the user-settable internal buffers. .. cvar:: NPY_MIN_BUFSIZE Smallest size of user-settable internal buffers. .. cvar:: NPY_MAX_BUFSIZE Largest size allowed for the user-settable buffers. Other constants ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cvar:: NPY_NUM_FLOATTYPE The number of floating-point types .. cvar:: NPY_MAXDIMS The maximum number of dimensions allowed in arrays. .. cvar:: NPY_VERSION The current version of the ndarray object (check to see if this variable is defined to guarantee the numpy/arrayobject.h header is being used). .. cvar:: NPY_FALSE Defined as 0 for use with Bool. .. cvar:: NPY_TRUE Defined as 1 for use with Bool. .. cvar:: NPY_FAIL The return value of failed converter functions which are called using the "O&" syntax in :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple`-like functions. .. cvar:: NPY_SUCCEED The return value of successful converter functions which are called using the "O&" syntax in :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple`-like functions. Miscellaneous Macros ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. cfunction:: PyArray_SAMESHAPE(a1, a2) Evaluates as True if arrays *a1* and *a2* have the same shape. .. cfunction:: PyArray_MAX(a,b) Returns the maximum of *a* and *b*. If (*a*) or (*b*) are expressions they are evaluated twice. .. cfunction:: PyArray_MIN(a,b) Returns the minimum of *a* and *b*. If (*a*) or (*b*) are expressions they are evaluated twice. .. cfunction:: PyArray_CLT(a,b) .. cfunction:: PyArray_CGT(a,b) .. cfunction:: PyArray_CLE(a,b) .. cfunction:: PyArray_CGE(a,b) .. cfunction:: PyArray_CEQ(a,b) .. cfunction:: PyArray_CNE(a,b) Implements the complex comparisons between two complex numbers (structures with a real and imag member) using NumPy's definition of the ordering which is lexicographic: comparing the real parts first and then the complex parts if the real parts are equal. .. cfunction:: PyArray_REFCOUNT(PyObject* op) Returns the reference count of any Python object. .. cfunction:: PyArray_XDECREF_ERR(PyObject \*obj) DECREF's an array object which may have the :cdata:`NPY_UPDATEIFCOPY` flag set without causing the contents to be copied back into the original array. Resets the :cdata:`NPY_WRITEABLE` flag on the base object. This is useful for recovering from an error condition when :cdata:`NPY_UPDATEIFCOPY` is used. Enumerated Types ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. ctype:: NPY_SORTKIND A special variable-type which can take on the values :cdata:`NPY_{KIND}` where ``{KIND}`` is **QUICKSORT**, **HEAPSORT**, **MERGESORT** .. cvar:: NPY_NSORTS Defined to be the number of sorts. .. ctype:: NPY_SCALARKIND A special variable type indicating the number of "kinds" of scalars distinguished in determining scalar-coercion rules. This variable can take on the values :cdata:`NPY_{KIND}` where ``{KIND}`` can be **NOSCALAR**, **BOOL_SCALAR**, **INTPOS_SCALAR**, **INTNEG_SCALAR**, **FLOAT_SCALAR**, **COMPLEX_SCALAR**, **OBJECT_SCALAR** .. cvar:: NPY_NSCALARKINDS Defined to be the number of scalar kinds (not including :cdata:`NPY_NOSCALAR`). .. ctype:: NPY_ORDER A variable type indicating the order that an array should be interpreted in. The value of a variable of this type can be :cdata:`NPY_{ORDER}` where ``{ORDER}`` is **ANYORDER**, **CORDER**, **FORTRANORDER** .. ctype:: NPY_CLIPMODE A variable type indicating the kind of clipping that should be applied in certain functions. The value of a variable of this type can be :cdata:`NPY_{MODE}` where ``{MODE}`` is **CLIP**, **WRAP**, **RAISE** .. index:: pair: ndarray; C-API