numpy.log10

numpy.log10(x, /, out=None, *, where=True, casting='same_kind', order='K', dtype=None, subok=True[, signature, extobj]) = <ufunc 'log10'>

Return the base 10 logarithm of the input array, element-wise.

Parameters:

x : array_like

Input values.

out : ndarray, None, or tuple of ndarray and None, optional

A location into which the result is stored. If provided, it must have a shape that the inputs broadcast to. If not provided or None, a freshly-allocated array is returned. A tuple (possible only as a keyword argument) must have length equal to the number of outputs.

where : array_like, optional

This condition is broadcast over the input. At locations where the condition is True, the out array will be set to the ufunc result. Elsewhere, the out array will retain its original value. Note that if an uninitialized out array is created via the default out=None, locations within it where the condition is False will remain uninitialized.

**kwargs

For other keyword-only arguments, see the ufunc docs.

Returns:

y : ndarray

The logarithm to the base 10 of x, element-wise. NaNs are returned where x is negative. This is a scalar if x is a scalar.

See also

emath.log10

Notes

Logarithm is a multivalued function: for each x there is an infinite number of z such that 10**z = x. The convention is to return the z whose imaginary part lies in [-pi, pi].

For real-valued input data types, log10 always returns real output. For each value that cannot be expressed as a real number or infinity, it yields nan and sets the invalid floating point error flag.

For complex-valued input, log10 is a complex analytical function that has a branch cut [-inf, 0] and is continuous from above on it. log10 handles the floating-point negative zero as an infinitesimal negative number, conforming to the C99 standard.

References

[1]	M. Abramowitz and I.A. Stegun, “Handbook of Mathematical Functions”, 10th printing, 1964, pp. 67. http://www.math.sfu.ca/~cbm/aands/

[2]	Wikipedia, “Logarithm”. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm

Examples

>>> np.log10([1e-15, -3.])
array([-15.,  nan])