numpy.exp

numpy.exp(x, /, out=None, *, where=True, casting='same_kind', order='K', dtype=None, subok=True[, signature, extobj]) = <ufunc 'exp'>

Calculate the exponential of all elements in the input array.

Parameters:

x : array_like

Input values.

out : ndarray, None, or tuple of ndarray and None, optional

A location into which the result is stored. If provided, it must have a shape that the inputs broadcast to. If not provided or None, a freshly-allocated array is returned. A tuple (possible only as a keyword argument) must have length equal to the number of outputs.

where : array_like, optional

Values of True indicate to calculate the ufunc at that position, values of False indicate to leave the value in the output alone.

**kwargs

For other keyword-only arguments, see the ufunc docs.

Returns:

out : ndarray or scalar

Output array, element-wise exponential of x. This is a scalar if x is a scalar.

See also

expm1

Calculate exp(x) - 1 for all elements in the array.

exp2

Calculate 2**x for all elements in the array.

Notes

The irrational number e is also known as Euler’s number. It is approximately 2.718281, and is the base of the natural logarithm, ln (this means that, if , then . For real input, exp(x) is always positive.

For complex arguments, x = a + ib, we can write . The first term, , is already known (it is the real argument, described above). The second term, , is , a function with magnitude 1 and a periodic phase.

References

[1]	Wikipedia, “Exponential function”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function

[2]	M. Abramovitz and I. A. Stegun, “Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables,” Dover, 1964, p. 69, http://www.math.sfu.ca/~cbm/aands/page_69.htm

Examples

Plot the magnitude and phase of exp(x) in the complex plane:

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

>>> x = np.linspace(-2*np.pi, 2*np.pi, 100)
>>> xx = x + 1j * x[:, np.newaxis] # a + ib over complex plane
>>> out = np.exp(xx)

>>> plt.subplot(121)
>>> plt.imshow(np.abs(out),
...            extent=[-2*np.pi, 2*np.pi, -2*np.pi, 2*np.pi], cmap='gray')
>>> plt.title('Magnitude of exp(x)')

>>> plt.subplot(122)
>>> plt.imshow(np.angle(out),
...            extent=[-2*np.pi, 2*np.pi, -2*np.pi, 2*np.pi], cmap='hsv')
>>> plt.title('Phase (angle) of exp(x)')
>>> plt.show()