This is documentation for an old release of NumPy (version 1.12.0). Read this page in the documentation of the latest stable release (version > 1.17).
numpy.log¶
- numpy.log(x[, out]) = <ufunc 'log'>¶
Natural logarithm, element-wise.
The natural logarithm log is the inverse of the exponential function, so that log(exp(x)) = x. The natural logarithm is logarithm in base e.
Parameters: x : array_like
Input value.
Returns: y : ndarray
The natural logarithm of x, element-wise.
Notes
Logarithm is a multivalued function: for each x there is an infinite number of z such that exp(z) = x. The convention is to return the z whose imaginary part lies in [-pi, pi].
For real-valued input data types, log always returns real output. For each value that cannot be expressed as a real number or infinity, it yields nan and sets the invalid floating point error flag.
For complex-valued input, log is a complex analytical function that has a branch cut [-inf, 0] and is continuous from above on it. log handles the floating-point negative zero as an infinitesimal negative number, conforming to the C99 standard.
References
[R44] M. Abramowitz and I.A. Stegun, “Handbook of Mathematical Functions”, 10th printing, 1964, pp. 67. http://www.math.sfu.ca/~cbm/aands/ [R45] Wikipedia, “Logarithm”. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm Examples
>>> np.log([1, np.e, np.e**2, 0]) array([ 0., 1., 2., -Inf])